Prioritisation of knowledge gaps and moving forward

Understanding which changes in the microbiome relate to adverse outcomes and the extent to which these are generalizable to different sub-populations

Standardised methods for measuring microbiomes and fit-for purpose translational relevant models, which could include integrative multi-omics approaches. Explore sensitive indicators and biomarkers.

Xenobiotic chemical conversions in the microbiome should continue to be researched and how in turn they might cause adverse effects.

Guidance to evaluate microbiome-related data in chemical risk assessment evaluations.

Improve gap between innovation and regulatory procedures as well as define regulatory standards.

Use trend analysis using new methodologies to help distinguish between causality, correlation and association.

Explore fungal and viral microbiota in both environmental and human health fields not just bacteria microbiota data.

Public engagement on use of live microorganisms e.g. probiotics promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. This can include vigilance on bacteria-host interactions and recording unwanted side effects as well as communication on the knowledge of these.