References - Annex A to TOX/2025/26

This is a paper for discussion. This does not represent the views of the Committee and should not be cited.

Bates B.D., Collins K., Jones P., et al. (2020) National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from years 9, 10 and 11 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2016/2017 to 2018/2019). Survey, London: Public Health England. NDNS: results from years 9 to 11 (2016 to 2017 and 2018 to 2019) - GOV.UK.

Bates B., Lennox A., Prentice A., et al. (2014) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 – 2011/2012). London: Public Health England. Main heading.

Bates B., Cox L., Page S., et al. (2016) National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 5 and 6 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2012/2013 – 2013/2014). London: Public Health England. Main heading.

COT (2018) Statement of T-2 toxin (T2), HT-2 toxin (HT2) and neosolaniol (NEO) in the diet of infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. cotstatement-t2ht2andneosolaniol.pdf.

COT (2021) Statement on the potential risk(s) of combined exposure to mycotoxins. Combined exposure to mycotoxins report.

Croucher D. (2023) United Kingdom Oat Supply in the context of the Food Standards Agency / Food Standards Scotland Call for Data on T-2 and HT-2 Toxins. A Science & Evidence Based Review including additional data on UK Milling Barely. Confidential.

Department of Health (2011) “Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children, 2011.” Diet and nutrition survey of infants and young children, 2011 - GOV.UK.

EFSA (2011a) Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA Journal 9(12): 2481  Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T‐2 and HT‐2 toxin in food and feed.

EFSA (2011b) Use of BMDS and PROAST software packages by EFSA Scientific Panels and Units for applying the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach in risk assessment. EN-113. pp190. Use of BMDS and PROAST software packages by EFSA Scientific Panels and Units for applying the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach in risk assessment | EFSA.

EFSA (2017a) Appropriateness to set a group health based guidance value for T2 and HT2 toxin and its modified forms. EFSA Journal 51(1): 4655.

EFSA (2017b) Update: use of the benchmark dose approach in risk assessment. EFSA Journal 15(1): 4658.

EFSA (2017c) Human and animal dietary exposure to T-2 and HT-2 toxin. EFSA Journal 15(8):4972.

EFSA (2022) Assessment of information as regards the toxicity of T-2 and HT-2 toxin for ruminants. EFSA Journal 20(9): 7564.

EFSA (2025) Food classification standardisation – The FoodEx2 system. Food classification standardisation – The FoodEx2 system | EFSA.

FAO/WHO (2001) WHO Food Additive Series: 47. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. T-2 AND HT-2 TOXINS (JECFA 47, 2001).

FSA (2015). Retail survey of T-2 and HT-2 toxin levels in oat based products. Executive Summary: fs102126execsum.pdf.

FSA (2023) Call for data: T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food Call for data: T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food | Food Standards Agency.

Gordon G. (1985) Ipecacuanha induced emesis in the treatment of self-poisoned adults. Archives of Emergency Medicine 2: 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2.4.203.

JECFA (2022) Summary of Conclusions of 93rd meeting of JECFA. 93rd Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) - Food additives. Summary and conclusions. 2022.

JECFA (2023) Evaluation of certain contaminants in food: ninety-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain contaminants in food: ninety-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

JECFA (2024) Safety evaluation of certain food contaminants: prepared by the ninety-third meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Geneva: World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture. Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: prepared by the ninety-third meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (‎JECFA)‎.

Meyer J.C., Birr T., Hennies I., et al. (2022) “Reduction of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and associated Fusarium species during commercial and laboratory de-hulling of milling oats.” Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 39(6): 1163–1183.

Nathanail A.V., Varga E., Meng-Reiterer J., et al. (2015) Metabolism of the Fusarium Mycotoxins T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin in Wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63: 7862–7872

Pascale M., Haidukowski M., Lattanzio V., et al. (2011) Distribution of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Milling Fractions of Durum Wheat. Journal of Food Protection 74(10): 1700-1707.

Percie du Sert N., Holmes A.M., Wallis R., et al. (2012) Predicting the emetic liability of novel chemical entities: a comparative study. British Journal of Pharmacology 165: 1848-1867.

Pettersson H. (2008) T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats and oat products. 5th EC Fusarium-Toxin Forum, Brussels, 10-11 January 2008.

Polišenská I., Jirsa O., Vaculová K., et al. (2020) Fusarium Mycotoxins in Two Hulless Oat and Barley Cultivars Used for Food Purposes. Foods, 9(8), 1037.

PubChem (2025) PubChem database. National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov).

Rafai P., Tuboly S., Bata A., et al. (1995a) Effect of various levels of T2 toxin in the immune system of growing pigs. Vet. Rec. 136: 511-514.

Rafai P., Bata A., Vanyi A., et al. (1995b) Effect of various levels of T2 toxin on the clinical status, performance and metabolism of growing pigs. Vet. Rec.136: 485-489.

Rahman S., Sharma A.K., Singh N.D., et al. (2014) Clinico-haematological changes in T2 toxicosis in Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology. 38: 22-28.

Roberts C., Steer T., Maplethorpe N., et al. (2018) National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 7 and 8 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2014/2015 to 2015/2016). Survey, London: Public Health England. National Diet and Nutrition Survey.

Safefood (2024) Mycotoxin control in cereals: safeguarding food. Technical Project Report. Mycotoxin control in cereals: safeguarding human food.

Schwake-Anduschus C., Langenkämper G., Unbehend G., et al. (2010) Occurrence of Fusarium T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats from cultivar studies in Germany and degradation of the toxins during grain cleaning treatment and food processing. Food Additives and Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment 27: 1253-1260.

SCF (2002) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium toxins. Part 6: Group evaluation of T2 toxin, HT2 toxin, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium toxins. Part 6: Group evaluation of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, Nivaleno...

Ueno Y., Kenji I., Norio S, et al. (1974) Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. VI. Vomiting factor from moldy corn infected with Fusarium spp. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 44: 123–127.

UK Government Data Quality Hub (2020) “The Government Data Quality Framework.” The Government Data Quality Framework - GOV.UK.

UK HM Treasury (2015) “The Aqua Book: guidance on producing quality analysis for government.” The Aqua Book: guidance on producing quality analysis for government.

Wu W., Zhou H., Bursian S.J., et al. (2016) Emetic responses to T2 toxin, HT2 toxin and emetine correspond to plasma elevations of peptide YY3-36 and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Archives of Toxicology. 90: 997-1007.

Zhang F., Wang L., Yang Z-H., et al. (2006) Value of mink vomit model in study of anti-emetic drugs. World J. Gastroenterol. 12(8): 1300-1302.