The logo is made up of 4 bright blue solid hexagon solid shapes and a bright blue solid rectangle shape. There is darker blue text written across each shape.

* Annex 6 coming soon* 

PDF documents on this page are not in a fully accessible format, if you require it to be fully accessible, please see the HTML page for that document.

About the Committees

This is the 32^nd joint annual report of the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT), the Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COM) and the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC).

The aim of these reports is to provide a brief background to the Committees' decisions. Those seeking further information on a particular subject can obtain details from the Committee’s statements and minutes, available from the websites listed below or from the Committee’s administrative Secretary.

In common with other independent advisory committees, Committee members are required to follow a Code of Conduct which also gives guidance on how commercial interests should be declared. Members are required to declare any commercial interests on appointment and, again during meetings if a topic arises in which they have an interest. If a member declares a specific interest in a topic under discussion, and it is considered to be a conflict of interest, he or she may, at the Chairman's discretion be allowed to take part in the discussion but is 

excluded from decision-making. Annex 1 contains the terms of reference under which the Committees were set up. The Code of Conduct is at Annex 2 and Annex 3 describes the Committees’ policy on openness.

Annex 4 is the Good Practice Agreement for Scientific Advisory Committees. Annex 5 contains a glossary of technical terms used in the text. Annex 6 is an alphabetical index to subjects and substances considered in previous reports. Previous publications of the Committees are listed at Annex 7.

These three Committees also provide expert advice to other advisory committees, such as the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, and there are links with the         FSA Science Council, Veterinary Products Committee and the Expert Committee on Pesticides (formerly the Advisory Committee on Pesticides).

The Committees’ procedures for openness include the publication of agendas, finalised minutes, agreed conclusions and statements. These are published on the internet at the following links:

Committee on Toxicity

Committee on Carcinogenicity

Committee on Mutagenicity

This report contains summaries of the discussions and links to the Committees’ published statements. Paper copies are available upon request to the Secretariats.

Preface

Head and shoulders Image of Prof Alan Boobis, standing in front of a patterned background. Prof Boobis is wearing half framed glasses and a light-coloured striped shirt.

The Committee met on eight occasions during the year. In addition to their seven regular meetings, an extraordinary meeting was held to discuss the draft EFSA opinion on bisphenol A (BPA). As ever, the Committee have undertaken a busy and varied programme of work.

2022 brought a welcome return to face-to-face meetings, though now with the use of hybrid technology to allow the participation of Members not wishing or able to attend in person; this also allows the easier attendance of interested external observers, increasing the reach of the COT.

The Committee continued its review of components and contaminants in the maternal diet in support of the risk assessment currently being undertaken by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN). A number of new topics were considered as part of this work including lead, cadmium and ergot alkaloids along with ginger and raspberry leaf tea supplements. 

Other topics discussed by the Committee this year have covered a wide range including nicotine pouches, ocean bound plastics, cows’ milk, per and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS), the inhalation exposure of microplastics, the genotoxicity of acrylamide and approaches to mixture risk assessment. The COT also started work on a review of the aircraft cabin air environment, considering a number of potential chemicals that could be present.

In 2022, the work of the Committee started to include overseeing and assuring the risk assessment of regulated products that were previously assessed in Europe. Joint Expert Groups (JEGs) were established as part of the FSA Scientific the Advisory Committee (SAC) structure to advise the FSA on these products; AEJEG covers enzymes, additives and other regulated products, while the FCM JEG covers food contact materials, respectively; along with the other SACs, the COT oversees the work of these Groups. A number of regulated product authorisations have now been reviewed by the Committee and this workstream will increase in the future as the authorisation process matures.  The Committee are also being tasked with requests for advice from the Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards Policy Group who co-ordinate the policy approach in this area across the UK; this has led to work on the safety of green tea catechins and fortificants in bread and flour.

The Committee also contributed comments to a number of public consultations from EFSA, including BPA, acrylamide and nitrosamines.

The joint COT and SACN Working Group continues its benefit- risk assessment of plant-based drinks consumed as an alternative to cows’ milk. It is hoped this WG will report in 2023.

The Committee held a workshop Opportunities and outlook for UK Food and Chemicals regulation post EU Exit which took place in Liverpool in July 2022. The purpose of the workshop was to review the food and chemical regulatory landscape from a number of different organisational perspectives, with a particular focus on the REACH classification process for chemicals. The workshop provided an opportunity for invited experts and organisations to share their knowledge, have roundtable discussions on the topic bringing representatives from industry, academia and regulatory agencies.

This year, the Committee said goodbye to Dr Caroline Harris and Dr Rene Crevel. On behalf of all Members, I would like to express the COT’s sincere thanks to them for all their invaluable contributions to the work of the Committee over the years. We also welcomed a new Member, Dr Silvia Gratz from the Rowett Research Institute to the Committee and look forward to working with her.

Next year, the Committee will hold a workshop to kick-start the process of updating its guidance on the risk assessment of chemicals in food and the environment, last revised several decades ago. This will be an opportunity to bring together a number of topics on which the Committee has been working over the last few years, including new approach methodologies (NAMs), dose-response assessment, assessing data-poor chemicals, and evidence integration. It is also proposed that, together with the COC and COM, a more holistic approach to assessing toxicity and carcinogenicity be explored.

I would like to thank my fellow Committee Members for their continuing support and expert contributions to the work of the COT and its sub-groups over the year. On a personal note, and on behalf of all Members, I very much appreciate the considerable support provided to the Committee by the joint Scientific Secretaries and all of their staff. They face many demands on their time and resources, and we are very grateful at how effectively they ensure the functioning of the COT.

Professor Alan Boobis (Chair)

OBE PhD CBiol FRSB FBTS FBPhS

COT evaluations

Statement on the effects of Vitamin D on maternal health

1.1          In 2019, The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) agreed to conduct a risk assessment on nutrition and maternal health focusing on maternal outcomes during pregnancy, childbirth and up to 24 months after delivery; this would include the effects of chemical contaminants and excess nutrients in the diet. The Committee on the Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) was consulted, and decided that Vitamin D should be considered for a detailed risk assessment.

1.2          There are two forms of vitamin D; these are vitamin D2 (also known as ergocalciferol) and D3 (also known as cholecalciferol). Vitamin D2 can be found in plants and fungi and therefore is only available to humans via the diet. Vitamin D3 is made in human skin via ultraviolet radiation from the sun and can also be found in oil rich foods or supplements of animal origin such as cod liver oil.  Vitamin D3 is reported to be about three times more potent than vitamin D2.

1.3          Both forms of vitamin D are converted in the body by the liver to analogous substances called 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the 25OHD is further converted in the kidney to analogous substances called 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D); this is the active form of vitamin D.

1.4          Vitamin D (in reality two forms as described in paras 3-4) plays an important role in maintaining healthy bones by ensuring adequate uptake of calcium. It also helps maintain healthy muscles by aiding muscle contraction and helps nerves and the immune system to function. However, consuming too much vitamin D from food sources and supplements can cause adverse health effects.

1.5          Too much vitamin D in the body can lead to hypercalcaemia (higher than normal calcium levels in the blood), which can lead to hypercalciuria (higher than normal levels of calcium in urine), demineralisation of bones, kidney and cardiovascular issues. Other side effects of excess vitamin D may include vomiting, nausea, constipation and diarrhoea.

1.6          It is important to note that whilst too much vitamin D can be consumed from foods and supplements it is not possible to make too much vitamin D via ultraviolet radiation from the sun. This is because there are inbuilt biochemical mechanisms in our skin that prevent vitamin D3 reaching toxic levels from exposure via skin. 

Effects of vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation

1.7          There is currently no information available on the adverse health effects that excess vitamin D might cause during the period preceding conception.

1.8          Information on the adverse health effects caused by excess vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation is limited, but hypercalcemia (higher than normal calcium levels in the blood) can occur during pregnancy, especially in individuals that have mutations in genes involved in vitamin D metabolism. Individuals with these mutations have experienced hypercalcemia after consuming up to 1,250 µg per month of vitamin D. Hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase risk of fetal and neonatal morbidity. Excess vitamin D during pregnancy may also result in fetal and neonatal hypercalcemia, which can lead to adverse effects on the digestive system, behaviour and growth.

1.9          There is limited evidence for adverse health effects that could arise due to excess vitamin D exposure during lactation. However, hypercalciuria could possibly occur, with one clinical study reporting it in women that consumed supplements of 700 µg per week vitamin D. However, participants in this study had low levels of calcium before consuming the supplements that increased their levels to be in “possible hypercalciuria” range.

1.10       In 2003, the Expert Group on Vitamin and Minerals (EVM) set an intake level of 25 µg per day as the level of vitamin D that would not be expected to result in adverse health effects – i.e. a safe level of intake. More recently The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) developed a tolerable upper limit (TUL) of 100 µg per day for the general adult population, including pregnant women. This TUL was endorsed by the COT.

1.11       This risk assessment showed that women attempting conception, pregnant and lactating women who consume vitamin D only from food (and not supplements) are very unlikely to be at risk of adverse health effects from vitamin D as their exposure levels are below the TUL of 100 micrograms per day.

1.12       Only a minority of women attempting conception, pregnant and lactating women who consume vitamin D from both food and supplements are above the TUL of 100 micrograms per day. It is important to note that this would only be of health concern if their intakes were sustained long-term. Pregnant women with mutations in the genes involved in vitamin D metabolism may be more likely to experience adverse health effects such as high blood calcium levels and high calcium levels in the urine.

1.13       Ultimately the COT concluded that consumption of higher strength vitamin D supplements alone or in combination with food can result in exceedance of the TUL and pose a potential health concern. However, consumption of lower strength supplements that are aimed at pregnant and breast-feeding women, either alone or in combination with food is very unlikely to result in excess vitamin D intake or adverse health effects related to excess vitamin D intake.

1.14       The full COT statement can be found at: Statement 01/22 Vitamin D.

Statement on the potential effects that excess iodine intake may have during preconception, pregnancy and lactation  

1.15       The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) is currently conducting a risk assessment on nutrition and maternal health focusing on maternal outcomes during pregnancy, childbirth and up to 24 months after delivery; this would include the effects of chemical contaminants and excess nutrients in the diet.

1.16       The Committee on Toxicity was consulted and decided that iodine should be considered for assessment of the risks associated with excess intake.

1.17       SACN agreed that, where appropriate, other expert committees would be consulted and asked to complete relevant risk assessments e.g. in the area of food safety advice to support their review. Therefore, the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) was asked to consider whether exposure to excess iodine would pose a risk to maternal health, as part of this review.

1.18       In the environment, iodine is usually found in the form of iodate salts, or in the form of organo-iodide compounds produced by algae and bacteria. Iodine is essential in the human diet because it is required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones tri-iodo- and tetra-iodothyronine (T3 and T4 which is also known as thyroxine). This takes place in the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones help regulate metabolism and ensure that the heart, brain and other organs function in a healthy manner. They are also involved in brain development and bone growth especially in the fetus. The fetus is exposed to iodine via the placenta, and both maternal iodine deficiency and excess can have profound effects on both mother and offspring.

1.19       Excess iodine may lead to the occurrence of goitre in adults and children.

1.20       Goitre is a condition where a lump or swelling at the front of the neck caused by a swollen thyroid.

1.21       There are currently three health-based guidance values (HGBV) set for iodine. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established a Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (PMTDI) of 17 μg/kg bw/day (equivalent to 1020 μg/day for a 60 kg adult) for iodine from all sources. The Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) set a guidance level for iodine of 15 μg/kg bw/day. The European Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) established a Upper Limit (UL) for total iodine intake of 600 µg/day.

1.22       Overall, the Committee concluded that there are no toxicological concerns at the levels of iodine exposure in the general population, however, high consumers of seaweed may be exposed to levels of iodine that could pose a toxicological risk to maternal health. Currently, available data are not sufficient to assess the applicability of the HBGVs to pregnant women, and there is a lack of exposure data in relation to pregnancy and lactation to enable a risk assessment to be performed.

The full COT statement can be found at: Statement on the potential effects that excess iodine intake may have during preconception, pregnancy and lactation | Committee on Toxicity (food.gov.uk).

Statement on the effects of excess Vitamin A on maternal health

1.23       In 2019, SACN agreed to conduct a risk assessment on nutrition and maternal health focusing on maternal outcomes during pregnancy, childbirth and up to 24 months after delivery; this would include the effects of chemical contaminants and excess nutrients in the diet. The Committee on Toxicity was consulted, and decided that Vitamin A should be considered for assessment of the risks associated with excess intake.

1.24       Vitamin A (also known as retinol) is found in foods of animal origin (such as liver, paté and cod liver oil) and is also formed in the body when beta-carotene – the colouring matter in red and yellow, and leafy green vegetables – is broken down. The NHS lists significant food sources of vitamin A as cheese, eggs, oily fish, fortified low-fat spreads, milk, yoghurt and liver and liver products such as paté. Significant sources of beta-carotene include vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes, red peppers and spinach, and some fruit such as mango, papaya and apricots.

1.25       Retinol is converted, after it is eaten, into other chemical forms that are involved in several biological functions, such as the proper growth of the fetus in pregnancy (in a form called retinoic acid) and how the retina in the eye senses light (in a form called retinal). Most of the effects of vitamin A are caused by retinoic acid, which, among other things, influences bone development and secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland and stimulates the immune system improving resistance to infections. Different chemical forms of vitamin A and synthetic substances that mimic it are also used as medicines, for example, to treat severe acne.

1.26       Although Vitamin A is vital to health and has many benefits, too much of it can cause health problems. A very high dose of vitamin A in the form of retinol can cause tiredness, joint pain, dry skin, headache, sickness, hair loss, drowsiness, liver and bone damage and sight problems. Vitamin A also accumulates in the liver and taking it over a long period of time can cause dry thickening of the skin, cracking of lips, damage to the eyes, skin reddening, hair loss, brittle bones, joint pain, lasting headache, increased pressure inside the skull and liver damage. Some, but not all, of these effects are reversible on reducing vitamin A intake.

1.27       Although it is broken down in the body to produce retinol, eating vegetables that are rich in beta-carotene, or consuming beta-carotene itself, does not result in adverse effects (except possibly high dose supplements in smokers) because less than one-third of beta-carotene from plant sources gets absorbed by the body.

1.28       Eating fat-rich food increases the absorption of vitamin A from the digestive system. The vitamin is carried on proteins in the blood to the liver, where it is stored and then distributed to the rest of the body to perform its functions. Vitamin A is excreted from the body largely in the urine, but as it accumulates in the liver, more is released in the bile, which may prevent the liver from being exposed to too much vitamin A.

Effects of vitamin A on reproduction

1.29       Vitamin A is necessary for the proper functioning of the male and female reproductive systems, both inadequate and excessive amounts can harm the unborn fetus. The statement on vitamin A is concerned with the effects of excessive amounts of vitamin A (rather than inadequate amounts) and ill-effects from over-exposure. Excessive amounts of vitamin A can cause malformations to the fetus that include spina bifida (abnormal development of the spine), small or no eyes, harelip, cleft palate, absent or deformed ears, and deformities of limbs, kidneys, genitals, heart, thyroid gland and skeleton.

1.30       The UK Government recommends that, in order to avoid possible harm to the unborn child, pregnant women, or women thinking about having a baby or trying to conceive, should not consume liver or liver products such as paté, or supplements that contain vitamin A, including fish liver oil, unless they are advised to do so by a doctor. EFSA set a TUL for vitamin A of 3,000 µg per day for women of childbearing age, based on the risk of damage to the liver and to any unborn child. The UK Expert Committee on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) considered that an intake greater that 1,500 µg per day was “inappropriate”, based on possible effects on bone. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that vitamin A supplements should not be given to pregnant women except to prevent night blindness in places where vitamin A deficiency is a severe public health problem (which does not include the UK).

1.31       Taking food supplements, like fortified food products and vitamin pills, is the most common way for people, including pregnant women and those considering pregnancy, to be exposed to high doses of vitamin A. Scientific studies have surveyed the effects of supplements on development of the fetus in humans where women have taken higher dose supplements during pregnancy. Malformations have been seen, but as the number of women taking these supplements was low, the actual amount of vitamin A that causes deformities in humans remains uncertain.

1.32       Treatment of acne by taking tablets of the drug isotretinoin, a potent synthetic form of retinoic acid, is very effective but has raised concern as a possible cause of malformations when taken by pregnant women. Some countries, including Canada and the EU countries advise women against becoming pregnant while taking isotretinoin. But there are still a few women who become pregnant while taking this drug, putting the fetus at potential risk.

1.33       Treating acne with creams and ointments that contain forms of vitamin A and/or synthetic substances that mimic it, appears to pose a much lower level of risk to the unborn child than treatments given by mouth. However, since these preparations are also known to be able to produce the same adverse effects on the fetus as tablets, when given at a sufficiently high dose, their use is likewise not recommended during pregnancy.

1.34       Concerns have been raised about a link between isotretinoin use and an increased risk of depression and suicide. However, recent evidence suggests that having acne can itself cause depression and hence, if anything, treatment with vitamin A analogues can improve mental health. Nevertheless, as explained above, women who are pregnant or trying to conceive should avoid taking isotretinoin because of the possible risk to the fetus.

1.35       The effects of vitamin A may be affected by:

a.    Other components in the diet, including vitamins D, K, C and folate, some fats and zinc,

b.    alcohol,

c.     Medicines including antibiotics, treatments for fungal infections, drugs for epilepsy, and

d.    Chemicals in the environment including biocidal shop antifouling paints (i.e. paints that discourage growth of marine organisms) and flame retardants, for example form furniture.

1.36       One way they can do this is by affecting the rate of breakdown of vitamin A and its active products.

1.37       Consuming large amounts of beta-carotene, for example by eating a lot of carrots daily, may lead to some skin yellowing and a fall in the levels of vitamin A in the liver but, unlike intake of pre-formed vitamin A, studies on animals have shown no ill-effects of beta-carotene on their offspring.

1.38       A study showed that high intake of beta-carotene supplements, as part of a clinical trial, unexpectedly increased the incidence of lung cancer and overall mortality in smokers. However, smoking itself can damage the fetus, regardless of any additional adverse effects caused by consumption of beta-carotene, so women are anyway strongly advised against smoking during pregnancy.

1.39       In parts of Africa and south-west Asia, there is more concern about vitamin A deficiency and the harmful effects this has upon the health of unborn children. In developed countries (like the UK, USA and those in Europe), however, the concern is more about excess intake, as many people regularly consume more than the recommended daily amount, and in some cases, more than EFSA’s tolerable upper limit.

1.40       EFSA has estimated that most European adults consume between 816 and 1,498 µg of retinol per day. The UK Government dietary advice, on the NHS.uk website recommends a daily vitamin A intake from food, for those aged 19 to 64, of 700 µg for men and 600 µg for women. Official estimates are that in the UK women between 16 and 49 years of age actually have an intake of between 760 and 2600 µg per day, and the small number who regularly eat liver and liver products such as paté may consume up to 3 times this amount. Supplements containing vitamin A in the form of retinol can add 300 – 906 µg per serving. Pregnant women and women thinking about having a baby are therefore specifically warned to avoid taking supplements containing vitamin A and not to eat liver and liver products to avoid potential harm to the unborn child, unless specifically advised to do so by their Doctor. No other food provides as much vitamin A on its own, although some fortified spreads and “health foods” may, in combination, provide more than the recommended limit.

1.41       Food supplements containing beta-carotene do not have warnings against their use by pregnant women and women thinking about having a baby because this nutrient is considered low risk.

1.42       There is still a lot of uncertainty about how much vitamin A is likely to cause deformities in unborn children, therefore the COT agreed that the current UK Government advice to pregnant women and those planning pregnancy – as set out on NHS.uk website – that they should limit their intake of vitamin A to reduce this risk, remains appropriate.

1.43       The full COT statement can be found at: Statement 04/22 Vitamin A in the maternal diet (food.gov.uk).

Position paper on bamboo composites in food contact materials

1.44       Risk assessment advice on biobased food contact materials (BBFCMs) has been increasingly requested from the Food Standards Agency (FSA), hence it was considered timely for the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) to review the available toxicological information on BBFCMs.

1.45       The COT acknowledged the challenges and complexities associated with BBFCMs and highlighted several limitations and knowledge gaps on BBFCMs research and regulation. These included labelling, composition (including biodegradability), contamination and standardisation.

1.46       The COT undertook a more detailed review of the potential health risks of bamboo composites in Food Contact Materials (FCMs) due to the increased number of incidents reported of non-compliant bamboo composite items (e.g. coffee cups) being placed onto the European market.

1.47       Until December 2020, reports in relation to bamboo composite FCMs were predominantly related to misleading labelling on packaging and/or their advertisement, as well as incidences of formaldehyde/melamine migration levels exceeding legal limits. Since 2021, and due to the EU’s conclusion that bamboo is an unauthorised additive within plastic FCMs, reports received by the FSA have predominantly been of non-compliance of plastic-bamboo FCMs in the European market. This included the advertisement of products from UK businesses on EU facing markets. No action appeared to have been taken on that basis prior to this year.

1.48       In 2019, the EFSA panel on FCMs was asked by the European Commission to assess whether the authorisation of untreated wood flour and fibres (FCM no. 96) as an additive in plastic food contact materials was still in accordance with EC Regulation 1935/2004, and also to consider whether bamboo could be considered under the scope of this authorisation. EFSA concluded that wood and bamboo should be considered distinct and each material regarded on a case-by-case basis. In addition, the food safety authorities of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (Benelux) published a joint letter calling for the market withdrawal of bamboo-melamine plastics (NVWA, 2021a). In April 2021, the EC recommended that Member States should take stringent action on bamboo composite FCMs and set out a coordinated control plan. The UK FSA is aware of the stance by the EC and of the individual Member States and is considering an appropriate course of action based on scientific evidence.

1.49       The COT previously assessed the reports by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) and noted that the BfR applied their own tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.6 mg/kg/day for formaldehyde whereas the NVWA and EFSA used a lower TDI of 0.15 mg/kg/day (BfR 2020; NVWA 2021b; COT 2021c). Overall, the COT concluded that the exposure assessments were conservative but not necessarily worst-case. It was agreed that although the NVWA and BfR opinions took slightly different approaches, in general the same conclusions were reached. Based on the assessment of the BfR and NVWA reports the Committee concluded that the migration of formaldehyde and melamine from bamboo composite cups was a potential concern to human health (COT 2021c).

1.50       Due to insufficient UK data, the COT was unable to make recommendations on bamboo bio-composites FCMs. A UK study assessing the risks associated with bamboo composites and other biobased food contact materials is currently underway. The study aims to address migration levels of formaldehyde and melamine, and also the potential presence of other chemicals, such as heavy metals and pesticide residues. Data from this study is expected to be available in March 2022. Once, UK data is available, a full risk assessment will be undertaken.

1.51       The full COT statement can be found at: COT Position Paper Bamboo Composites.

COT statement on the potential risks from cadmium in the maternal diet

1.52       In 2019 the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) agreed to conduct a risk assessment on nutrition and maternal health focusing on maternal outcomes during pregnancy, childbirth and up to 24 months after delivery; this would include the effects of chemical contaminants and excess nutrients in the diet.  The Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) were asked to review the risks of toxicity from chemicals in the maternal diet.

1.53       Cadmium is a heavy metal found widely in the environment, coming from both natural sources, such as volcanic activity, and human activities, such as the smelting of metals. Cadmium in the soil, water and air enters the human food chain through being taken up by crops, which are consumed by food animals. Once in the body, this metal accumulates over many years, where it may cause damage to the kidneys and loss of bone tissue. It can also cause cancer.

1.54       Those of childbearing age (16-49 years) can be exposed to cadmium from food, drinking water, air, dust and ingested soil. Smoking is the main non-dietary source of exposure of cadmium and can lead to a similar internal exposure as the obtained from the diet.

1.55       In 2009, the EFSA CONTAM panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) based on the adverse effect on the kidneys, to determine the level of exposure of people below which there would be no cause for concern. The TWI is defined as the amount of cadmium that can be taken in by a person every week throughout their lifetime without causing adverse effects on health. This value was very low at 2.5 micrograms (millionths of a gram) per kilogram body weight. The COT had previously concluded that the EFSA TWI for cadmium was an acceptable value to use for risk assessment.

1.56       The COT concluded that the levels of cadmium in water, soil and dust only contribute a small amount of exposure and overall, cadmium in the maternal diet does not appear to be a health concern.

1.57       The COT highlighted that the consumption data used for the exposure assessment was for women of childbearing age and therefore may not be fully representative of the maternal diet, leading to an under/overestimation of the actual exposure. The COT also noted that women who give up smoking while pregnant will still carry a higher body burden of cadmium than those who had never smoked.

1.58       The full COT statement can be found at: Cadmium in the Maternal Diet - Introduction | Committee on Toxicity (food.gov.uk).

Statement on the potential effects of excess vitamin D intake during preconception, pregnancy and lactation

1.59       In 2006, the European Commission established a minimum vitamin D content in infant- and follow-on formulae of 1 µg per 100 kcal (Directive 2006/141/EC). Subsequently in 2016, in Commission Delegated Regulation 2016/127, this was doubled to 2 µg per 100 kcal. This new regulation became applicable in Great Britain from the 1st of January 2021.

1.60       In order to inform discussion across the four nations on whether existing advice around vitamin D supplements remains appropriate or needed updating in light of the increase in the minimum vitamin D content of infant- and follow-on formulae, the FSA conducted an exposure assessment to determine whether this increase could result in infants (0-12 month-olds) and young children (1-4 year-olds) exceeding their tolerable upper levels (TULs).

1.61       A draft statement was prepared which provides an exposure assessment for infants and young children, regarding their vitamin D intake from infant formulae products, vitamin D supplements, and other dietary sources (including breast milk), and comparison to the relevant EFSA TULs.

1.62       The Committee concluded that the new minimum vitamin D content in infant formulae did not lead to excessive vitamin D exposure in infants or young children, as minor exceedances of their respective TULs occurred only when, in combination with other sources such as the recommended supplements, the quantities of infant formula consumed reached 1000 ml. Current NHS guidance is that supplementation is not needed if more than 500 ml infant formula is being consumed. The Committee agreed with the recently revised TUL of 35 μg/person/day for 6-12 month-olds, and also that the exposure assessment indicated that the current guidance did not give rise to any toxicological concerns.

1.63       The full COT Statement can be found at: Vitamin D in infant formula statement.

Potential approaches to address unintentional mixture risks for future UK REACH assessments

1.64       In September 2020, the UK Chemicals Delivery Board had agreed that the Environment Agency should prepare a report on whether the use of a mixture assessment factor (MAF) is a useful approach to address the potential risks arising from unintentional (coincidental) mixtures of chemicals under the UK REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals) Regulation. Risks from intentional mixtures are already covered under the current regulatory system. This approach was also being considered by the European Union under EU REACH. Subsequently, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) had agreed that they would work with the Environment Agency to prepare a joint report.

1.65       The COT considered the draft version of the joint EA/UKHSA report on this topic in March and May 2022 to review and comment on the human health aspects prior to finalisation of the report.  

1.66       A number of recommendations and comments were made by the COT in March, which were addressed in the version presented in May. The COT recognised that while there were publications hypothesising that environmental mixtures of chemicals might have an additive effect, the evidence available suggested that any potential effects were almost always driven by exposure to a small number of chemicals, even when there were a large number of substances in the mixtures considered. Similar findings had also been reported in three EFSA retrospective cumulative risk assessments of dietary exposure to mixtures of pesticide residues. The Committee noted the lack of research available to address the question of whether there was dose addition for chemicals present in a mixture at concentrations below their health-based guidance values (HBGVs). In many studies, whilst findings at effect levels were consistent with dose addition, they were also consistent with response addition (independent action). Hence, whilst dose addition might be a reasonable default at exposure levels above health-based guidance values, it was highly questionable whether this was the case at lower levels and consequently whether a MAF was needed.

1.67       Overall, the COT agreed with the conclusions of the report and in particular that there was strong scientific evidence within the report to support not adopting the use of a MAF in human health risk assessments.

1.68       The EA/UKHSA report “Evaluation of the potential approaches to risk assessment of unintentional chemical mixtures for future UK REACH assessments” was published following comments from COT and Defra’s Hazardous Substances Advisory Committee (HSAC) and is available from: Evaluation of the potential approaches to risk assessment of unintentional chemical mixtures for future UK REACH assessments - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk).

1.69       Contribution for update paper (2022 paper to give an indication on the level of information is available at: Update on Advice (food.gov.uk).

Potential approaches to address unintentional mixture risks for future UK REACH assessments

1.70       The EA/UKHSA report “Evaluation of the potential approaches to risk assessment of unintentional chemical mixtures for future UK REACH assessments” was published following comments from COT and Defra’s Hazardous Substances Advisory Committee (HSAC) in August 2022, and is available from: Evaluation of the potential approaches to risk assessment of unintentional chemical mixtures for future UK REACH assessments - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk).

1.71       In December 2022, a stakeholder workshop was hosted by Defra to discuss options for addressing unintentional mixtures under UK REACH. The report and the outputs from this workshop will be considered by Defra to inform the development of policy options.

Review of potential risks of Aflatoxin in foodstuffs at the new proposed Codex Alimentarius maximum levels - RESERVED Business

1.72       The FSA asked the Committee to review the toxicity of aflatoxins in certain foodstuffs. This item is currently reserved as it relates to developing policy.

Review of potential risk of Ochratoxin A in spices at the proposed Codex Alimentarius Levels (RESERVED Business)

1.73       The FSA asked the Committee to review the toxicity of Ochratoxin A in spices. This item is currently reserved as it relates to developing policy.

Discussion paper on the request for assessment of a coating in canned food packaging materials

1.74       Members discussed the information provided to the Committee on a can coating as well as the assessment and discussions of the Joint Expert Group on Food Contact Materials (FCM JEG) and sister Committee on Mutagenicity (COM). The work is ongoing, but a final assessment is expected in spring 2023. This item is reserved as the data are commercially confidential.

Response to EFSA consultation on “Re-evaluation of the risks to public health from bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs” 

1.75       In December 2021, the EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) published a draft opinion re-evaluating the health risks arising from the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in food. The panel proposed a significant reduction to the current temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 4 µg/kg body weight (bw) to 0.04 ng/kg bw. This reduction would mean that both mean and high level consumers for all age groups would exceed the new TDI by 2-4 orders of magnitude.

1.76       Due to the size and complexity of the draft opinion, the COT held an extraordinary meeting to discuss it, before feedback was then provided to EFSA as part of their consultation process. The Committee considered the Health Outcome Category (HOC)/cluster approach used by the EFSA CEP panel to conduct the evaluation comparing it to the approach taken by the COT and COC Synthesis and Integration of Epidemiological and Toxicological Evidence subgroup (SETE). The Committee also discussed the benchmark dose modelling used by EFSA including the uncertainty analysis and derivation of the Health Based Guidance Value (HBGV). The Committee then considered the toxicokinetics along with the specific endpoints of immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and other minor endpoints; the approach to epidemiology, metabolic effects, cardiotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.

1.77       The comments agreed by the Committee were submitted to EFSA as part of their public consultation process. The final EFSA opinion is expected to be published towards the end of 2022.

EFSA Draft Opinion for Public Consultation on “Re-evaluation of the existing health-based guidance values for copper and exposure assessment from all sources

1.78       The European Food Safety Authority Scientific Committee were asked by the European Commission to review the existing scientific evidence and all new relevant studies with the aims: 

• to provide a scientific opinion on an ADI for copper which can be used as a reference value for copper containing regulated products. 

• to take into account all sources of exposure and integrate different approaches and scenarios, to perform a new estimation of the overall copper intake which includes contributions from all major sources of exposure. 

1.79       The Committee considered the approach used by the EFSA Scientific Committee to establish the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for copper and the studies used by the Scientific Committee to reach their conclusions. The pivotal studies used by EFSA to determine the HBGV were Turnlund et al., (2005) and Harvey et al., (2003) which examined copper homeostasis. The Committee discussed these studies and highlighted that there was a limited number of participants which were all male that could have an impact on the reliability of the HBGV. However, it was noted that the homeostatic response would not vary in relation to age, sex or pregnancy.

1.80       In conclusion, the Committee agreed that EFSA’s proposed new HBGV of 5 mg per day and the harmonised approach used to establish it were acceptable.

1.81       The comments agreed by the Committee were submitted to EFSA as part of their public consultation process.

Draft FSA/HSE/VMD report on approaches to chronic dietary exposure assessment for chemicals in food

1.82       The COT was asked to comment on a report drafted by FSA, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) on approaches to chronic dietary exposure assessment for chemicals in food. The draft report was also being taken to the Expert Committee on Pesticides (ECP) and the Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues in Food (PRiF) for comment before being finalised.

1.83       The work had been undertaken because there were differences in the current approaches to chronic dietary exposure assessments undertaken by the HSE for pesticides, VMD for veterinary medicines and FSA for chemical contaminants and other chemicals in food. Furthermore, there were differences in how these assessments were conducted internationally for pesticides and emerging differences for veterinary medicines. In addition, following exit from the EU, it was timely for UK regulators to consider the approaches they might wish to take in the future. 

1.84       The draft report discussed the principles of dietary exposure assessments and described the current approaches to chronic dietary exposure assessments being taken by the FSA and for pesticides and veterinary medicines. It discussed the current differences in approach and the reasons for them, uncertainties in exposure assessments, considered the possibilities for common approaches to be taken in the future and the approaches to substances with multiple uses (e.g. as both pesticides and veterinary medicines). It also included some considerations on cumulative and aggregate exposure assessment and referred to the recent considerations of less than lifetime and variable exposure over a lifetime by the COT and COC.

1.85       The draft report made a number of recommendations. These included increasing collaboration between FSA, HSE and VMD on topics such as exposure assessments for substances with multiple uses, the setting of common Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and Health Based Guidance Values (HBGVs), and on methodologies for cumulative risk assessments; continuing international collaborations; periodically reviewing exposure assessment methodologies for fitness for purpose and considering their uncertainties; and having up-to-date comprehensive food consumption data, which are contained within a central database to which staff from each of the departments/agencies have access and training on their use.

1.86       The COT advised that the recommendations be separated out from the conclusions. The FSA’s approach was noted to be usually closer to actual consumer exposures compared to regulatory approaches for approvals of pesticides and veterinary medicines. If joint exposure assessments were to be performed it would need to be agreed what degree of conservatism there should be. The COT supported the desire for more information on cumulative and aggregate exposures but the methods were not fully developed yet and there were still improvements that could and should be made to exposure assessments for single substances first. Probabilistic modelling was included in the report as a high tier model but that was not being conducted to much extent at the moment, though the software was available and it could be used more. There was also agreement with the recommendation of a central database for food consumption data.

1.87       The COT considered that it was a good idea to conduct exposure assessments more consistently across chemical areas; however, it was noted that for applicants there was also the international consideration and to them it would be preferable for there to not be too many differences in the approaches used between regions internationally, e.g. between the UK and Europe.

1.88       The COT noted that EFSA had taken one approach to the cumulative risk assessments of pesticides and a different approach to other chemicals. While they had produced guidance it was not clear whether they were currently routinely undertaking cumulative risk assessments for chemicals other than pesticides. Where such cumulative risk assessments had been performed, a constrained approach tended to have been taken, for example, grouping chemicals in the same regulatory area that have similar structures. At present, there did not appear to be have been any move to conder, for example, all chemicals across all sectors that cause hepatic steatosis as a single group, for regulatory purposes. The COT suggested that the report should recognise the difficulties as well as the possibilities of performing combined exposure assessments across different regulatory areas.

1.89       The COT observed differences in the age ranges being used currently to define infants and children, asked for justification for the use of the 97.5^th percentile to represent high consumers to be included in the report, and discussed the extent to which the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) adequately covered ethnic groups and groups such as vegans. The NDNS reflected the whole population but focused studies would be needed to reflect the consumption patterns of groups that comprise only small percentages of the entire population, to ensure their adequate statistical characterisation.

1.90       It was noted that exposure assessors are constrained by the data that they can obtain. For example, JECFA and JMPR do not have access to consumption data with the level of granularity that the FSA has, and hence would have considerable difficulties in performing probabilistic modelling.

1.91       The draft report would be revised and published after the ECP and PRiF had also commented.

Statement on the EFSA Opinion on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food

1.92       The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked, by the European Commission, to prepare an Opinion on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in food, and to consider existing hazard assessments and available occurrence data. The statement was published in September 2020.

1.93       The Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer products and the Environment (COT) have reviewed the “EFSA Opinion Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food” (2020) alongside UK exposure data to assess the potential risks to the UK population from PFASs (predominantly through exposure via the diet).

1.94       Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with a minimum of six carbons in their backbone, are a class of over 12,000 fluorinated substances (US EPA CompTox Dashboard 2022). They have been produced since the 1940s and are, or have been, used in a broad range of consumer products and industrial applications (Glüge et al., 2020). Their structure enhances their utility in a variety of applications including the production of water- and oil-resistant clothing, electronics, non-stick cookware, carpets, and food packaging materials.

1.95       Many PFASs are environmentally long-lived and individuals are exposed to them through all environmental sources, i.e. drinking water, air, dust, and the diet and through the placenta and breastfeeding for developing offspring (Sunderland et al., 2019).

1.96       The tolerable weekly intake (TWI) was established by EFSA based on epidemiological studies of an effect on the immune system, as this was considered, by the EFSA CONTAM Panel, to be the critical effect. Two studies on this (Abraham et al., 2020 and Grandjean et al., 2012) were considered by EFSA as suitable for hazard characterisation. One of these studies, Abraham et al. (2020), was amenable to dose-response modelling (i.e. analysis of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a chemical after a certain exposure time); which resulted in a benchmark dose limit value (BMDL10) for blood serum of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four main PFASs present. This value was then used as the reference point to calculate the corresponding tolerable daily intake for a mother, to protect their offspring, considered the most sensitive population, which was 0.63 ng/kg body weight (bw) per day. This was then converted to a weekly value, because of the long persistence of PFASs in the body, the TWI, of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week for the sum of the four PFASs PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA, for use as the health-based guidance value.

1.97       The COT agreed that, on the basis of the information reviewed by EFSA, qualitatively the appropriate health endpoint had been selected but quantitatively, questioned the calculations. Overall, there were some reservations about the choice of the critical study (Abraham et al., 2020) and the specific effect that was selected. However, the COT agreed that the critical study was the best available; and, in the absence of more appropriate studies, its use was understandable. Therefore, it was not unreasonable that this study was selected.

1.98       The COT had significant reservations about the dose-response model used, including the modelling approach, and the TWI which had been established, due to the uncertainties and the caveats involved.

1.99       The COT agreed that the use of the sum of the four PFASs was acceptable as a first approximation for exposures of PFASs but had reservations about the calculations due to the uncertainties.

1.100   The diet is the predominant route of exposure to PFASs, however, other possible sources of exposure include dust by ingestion and indoor air by inhalation, and these exposures have been considered. There may also be some exposure via the skin, however these have not been calculated.

1.101   The values for the BMDL and TWI were low and there was a lot of uncertainty surrounding the data used by EFSA.

1.102   Estimated breast milk exposures for UK infants all exceed the TWI of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week. However, EFSA cautions that “the higher exposure of breastfed infants is taken into account in the derivation of the TWI (i.e. it is assumed that those later exposed have already received this exposure) and the intake by infants should therefore not be compared with this TWI”.

1.103   Blood serum level modelling of the four PFASs indicates that the lower bound estimates of exposure (assuming that levels below detection are zero) is a more accurate prediction of the exposure than the upper bound estimates (assuming that levels below detection are present at that level), which would lead to a much higher exceedance of the critical blood serum levels. Lower bound mean estimated dietary exposures for adolescents, adults, the elderly and the very elderly approximate the TWI, that for other children is approximately twice the TWI, and for infants and toddlers are several times the TWI.

1.104   Estimated exposures from household dust at average median PFASs concentrations for all UK populations, for individual PFASs, are below the TWI. For exposures estimated from average maximum PFASs concentrations in household dust the TWI is exceeded for PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS by infants, toddlers and children.

1.105   The EFSA CONTAM Panel, in their evaluation of PFASs, assessed exposure both to individual compounds and using a mixtures approach (i.e.  a probabilistic model for representing the presence of subpopulations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub-population to which an individual observation belongs) for the sum of four PFASs: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA. All exposure estimates were compared to the TWI of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week. The CONTAM Panel considered that the impact of the uncertainties on the risk assessment for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS is high.

1.106   The exceedances of the TWI at lower bound exposure estimates indicate a potential health concern.

1.107   Whilst the COT is unable to suggest an alternative TWI at this time due to the lack of data, there are strong caveats when comparing the exposure estimates with the TWI established by EFSA. There is considerable uncertainty as to the appropriateness of the derivation of the TWI and of the biological significance of the response on which it is based.

1.108   The COT suggested that in future reviews it could use the averages for exposures for the four PFASs added together to provide a reasonable estimation of combined PFASs exposure for comparison to the TWI.

1.109   The full statement can be found at: Statement on the EFSA Opinion on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food.

Response to draft EFSA opinion on the human health risks related to the presence of N-nitrosamines (N-NAs) in food

1.110   EFSA published a draft Scientific Opinion on the human health risks related to the presence of N-nitrosamines (N-NAs) in food for consultation October 2022. The COT were asked to provide comments on this draft.

1.111   Nitrosamines are the reaction products formed from nitrosating agents, such as nitrites or nitrogen oxides, and amino-based substances, such as secondary amines. They may be formed in a variety of foods (e.g., cured meat products, processed fish, beer and other alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, oils and processed vegetables) under processing conditions in the presence of these reactants.

1.112   It was considered that the draft Opinion provided a good summary in terms of ADME and genotoxicity data. It was commented that the main issues open to question were the method of benchmark dose (BMD) analysis and how compounds were aggregated (grouped).

1.113   Positive feedback was provided on the draft Opinion, which Members considered to be a comprehensive review of the topic. The comments agreed by the Committee were submitted to EFSA as part of their public consultation process.

Lead in the Maternal Diet

1.114   As part of the work on the maternal diet, the COT was asked to consider the potential effects that excess lead intake may have in the maternal diet.

1.115   Lead is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust, chiefly as lead sulphide (PbS).  Lead is ubiquitous in the environment and is thus present in the diet of the general population, including women of childbearing age.   Despite this, dietary levels have fallen since the phasing out of lead in petrol, plumbing and paints.

1.116   Potential risks from maternal exposures to lead were characterised by margins of exposure (MOEs), calculated as the ratio of the benchmark dose level (BMDL) to estimated exposures from diet, soil and air.  A BMDL01 has been set for the reduced development of intellectual function in offspring. Specifically, a dietary exposure of 0.5 µg/kg bw/day was associated with a 1% change in full scale IQ score (EFSA 2010). 

1.117   As the BMDL was for a small effect, it is likely to be conservative and protective for all other adverse effects of lead in all populations, including the mother. EFSA concluded that a margin of exposure of 10 or greater should be sufficient to ensure that there was no appreciable risk of a clinically significant effect on IQ. At lower MOEs, but greater than 1, the risk is likely to be low, but not such that it could be dismissed as of no potential concern (EFSA, 2010).  In 2013, the COT added that an MOE of >1 can be taken to imply that at most, any risk is likely to be small. MOEs <1 do not necessarily indicate a concern, but scientific uncertainties mean that a material risk cannot be ruled out.

1.118   Lead was initially discussed at the February 2022 COT meeting.  The Committee considered issues such as exposure to food, drink and air.  It was determined that other sources of exposure should also be considered such as soil and dust due to the ubiquitous nature of lead in the environment; this was discussed at the May 2022 meeting.

1.119   It was concluded that while MOE values were ≥1 for all exposure scenarios, lead toxicity would depend on total exposure from all sources, therefore an aggregate exposure to determine an overall likely level of risk was appropriate. 

1.120   A statement setting out the views of the Committee on will be published in 2023.

Potential risk to human health of turmeric and curcumin supplements

1.121   The FSA has been monitoring incidents related to consumption of raw and powdered turmeric and its supplements. In light of these incidents and due to the uncertainties surrounding the composition and possible contamination of these commodities, the COT was asked to comment on the risk to human health from turmeric and curcuminoids in their various forms which include supplements.

1.122   To aid this discussion a survey of 30 products was undertaken by Fera Science Ltd in 2021. All samples were analysed for the curcuminoids: curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) as well as the black pepper derived alkaloid, piperine; and a comprehensive analysis of 69 trace elements which included the heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd). A further 70 turmeric products were analysed for Pb in 2022.

1.123    After reviewing the results of the survey, the Committee concluded that Pb contamination of turmeric products was not likely to be the reason for hepatotoxicity incidents.

1.124   The COT further concluded that substantial exceedances of the dietary ADI, which may occur from consumption of currently available supplements, represented a potential health risk to humans, especially if other medicines are being taken concomitantly and for individuals with altered hepato-biliary function. Furthermore, in rare individuals, consumption of turmeric at the levels found in supplements, even at low concentrations where exposure was below the ADI) may pose a risk of adverse effects to the liver, due to idiosyncratic responses. This possibility of an unexpected idiosyncratic response should be considered when providing guidance on the use of such supplements.

1.125   A final COT statement is due to be published early 2023.

Oral Nicotine pouches

1.126   The COT was requested by the Tobacco team in the Office of Health Improvement and Disparities at DHSC (OHID) to consider the toxicological risk for nicotine-free or nicotine pouches.

1.127   In 2022, the COT discussed updated paper providing publicly available data on the ingredients in these products along with an assessment of the oral bioavailability of nicotine. Following this, a first draft statement was presented on the bioavailability of nicotine from the use of oral nicotine pouches and assessment of the potential toxicological risk to users.

1.128   The COT agreed with the overall conclusions presented in the statement; several minor comments on the general structure and content of the draft statement would be addressed by correspondence. It is anticipated that the statement would be finalised in 2023.

Risk assessment of potential constituents and contaminants in cow’s milk

1.129   Plant-based drinks have become increasingly popular in the United Kingdom (UK) both for individuals with an allergy to cows’ milk or lactose intolerance and those who wish to avoid dairy products for other ethical or cultural reasons.

1.130   Current UK Government advice regarding the use of plant-based drinks for infants and young children is that unsweetened calcium-fortified plant-based drinks, such as soya, oat and almond drinks, can be given to children from the age of 12 months as part of a healthy balanced diet; rice drinks should not be given due to the levels of arsenic in these products (NHS, 2018).

1.131   The Committee agreed during their meeting of July 2021 the main comparator for plant-based drinks should be cow’s milk and that a discussion paper should be produced looking at the potential chemical risks in the consumption of this for the population group of interest, children aged 6 months to 5 years.

1.132   Over the course of 2021 two discussion papers were produced reviewing a range of compounds found in cow’s milk. The compounds covered included veterinary medicines, pesticides, nitrate and nitrite, bisphenol A, phthalates, dioxins and dioxin-like biphenyls, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and isoflavones.  A selection of heavy metals, iodine, chlorate and perchlorate, mycotoxins, naturally occurring oestrogens in cows’ milk, insulin like growth factor, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, brominated flame retardants and microplastics were also considered.

1.133   Following this work, over the course of 2022 two draft statements were drafted and presented for the COT regarding cow’s milk. Within these draft statements, iodine and aflatoxin M1 were indicated as being of low concern and risk relating to isoflavones was considered uncertain due to a lack of health-based guidance values for young children.

1.134   A final statement will be published in 2023.

Microplastics – exposure via the inhalation route

1.135   As part of horizon scanning exercise, the COT identified the potential risks from microplastics as a topic it should consider to inform Food Standards Agency (FSA) discussions on this. Since then, several discussion papers have been presented to the COT and in 2021, an overarching statement on the potential risks from exposure to microplastics was published (COT Statement 2021/02). This provided a high-level overview of the current state of knowledge, data gaps and research requirements with regards to this topic. This was followed by a sub-statement which considered the potential effects of oral exposure to microplastics in more detail.

1.136   As there is evidence for the presence of plastic particles in both indoor and outdoor air inhalation is a possible route of exposure. The Committee is therefore discussing a sub-statement on inhalation exposure to microplastics to provide more detailed, supplementary information on this topic.

1.137   A final statement will be published in 2023.

Chitin and chitosan in food packaging materials

1.138   The COT is currently assessing whether there are any potential health risks posed by bio-based food contact materials (BBFCMs). One of the first materials to be reviewed was food packaging materials which contain chitin or chitosan.

1.139   Chitin and chitosan can be derived from fungi, insects, or shellfish. As there are potential concerns for allergic individuals, the Committee agreed that during its manufacture, the protein content in the specification of chitosan needs to be considered.

1.140   The Committee noted that due to a scarcity of relevant data in the scientific literature, it is not currently possible to undertake a reliable exposure assessment due to the uncertainties involved.

1.141   The COT further noted that whilst the risk of allergenicity from these BBFCMs appears to be low, it would be useful to have an indication or estimation of total exposures to allergenic proteins from BBFCMs, for example the upper bound levels of ingestion, or range of amounts of BBFCMs in contact with different foods.

1.142   A position paper on chitosan will be prepared in 2023.

Statement paper on the guidance levels for the fortificants in the bread and flour regulations

1.143   The Bread and Flour regulation (BFR) stipulates the levels of calcium carbonate, iron, thiamin (also known as vitamin B1) and nicotinic acid that must be present in flour. In 2022, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) held a consultation on the BFR 1998 review and asked whether the consultees agreed with the proposal to raise the minimum levels of calcium carbonate, iron and niacin added in non-wholemeal wheat flour to 15% of the nutrient reference values (NRV) supplied by 100g of flour as stated in point 1 of Part A of Annex XIII of regulation EC No. 1169/2011. NRVs are established guidelines for the recommended daily energy and nutrient consumption. The minimum amount of thiamin required to be present in non-wholemeal wheat flour will remain the same at 19% of the NRV.

1.144   The COT were asked by DHSC to provide a risk assessment on the dietary exposure of calcium carbonate, iron, nicotinic acid and thiamin at the current and proposed fortification levels to identify if there were any potential adverse health effects. The Committee considered the the potential exposures from the proposed changes and the adverse effects associated with high calcium, iron and thiamine intakes.

1.145   Acute and chronic intakes for all minerals (calcium, iron niacin and thamin) at the current and proposed fortification levels in food did not exceed the levels considered to be acutely toxic and were not considered to be a health concern. 

1.146   Intakes of calcium from supplements alone did not exceed the guidance level. However, daily intakes of iron, niacin and thamin from supplements alone may result in exceedance of Health Based Guidance Values when higher dosage supplements are consumed. However, not all of the population consume supplements. Therefore, any potential health risks will only occur in individuals who consume high dosage iron, niacin and thiamin supplements. 

1.147   Intakes of calcium from both food and supplements would not result in exceedance of HBGVs for calcium. However, intakes of iron, niacin and thamin from food and supplements combined could lead to these being exceeded. Given, that exceedance occurs from supplement consumption alone, the exceedances of iron, niacin and thiamin here would only be of toxicological concern to individuals that also consume high dosage of iron, niacin and thiamin through supplements.

1.148   Overall, the COT concluded that the proposed increased in the fortification level of calcium, iron and niacin in non-wholemeal flour would not result in any excess risk. However, there would be a possible exceedance in individuals that consume supplemental iron, niacin and thiamin alongside food containing and/or fortified with these minerals.

1.149   A final statement will be published in 2023.

Ginger in the maternal diet

1.150   As part of the current programme of work on the maternal diet, the Committee considered the use of herbal dietary supplements during pregnancy. These were supplements that were not officially recommended by the relevant authorities, but which were promoted by anecdotal evidence and unofficial sources as having various purported benefits. Ginger was identified as one of the supplements that should be considered in more detail.

1.151   Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering tropical plant originating in Southeast Asia and grown in warm climates including China, India, Africa and the Caribbean. The rhizome (underground stem) of the ginger plant is commonly used as a spice and flavouring in many countries around the world and is increasingly growing in popularity as a natural remedy due to its purported immune system-boosting properties and also for motion sickness and post-operative nausea and vomiting.

1.152   The COT have previously reviewed the potential effects of ginger and in particular, the use of ginger supplements during pregnancy and lactation, reviewing the available data on toxicity to the mother, effects on the development of the fetus or embryo, and possible interactions with medicines. In 2022, the Committee worked on a statement setting out their views. The statement is being revised to include information on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines available on the on the use of ginger for nausea in pregnancy. And clarification on the exposure to ginger in the form of concentrated drinks and shots.

1.153   Further, the weight of evidence on spontaneous abortion as an outcome should be considered, along with the probability of this effect.

1.154   The statement will be finalised by the COT in 2023.

The potential risks from ergot alkaloids in the maternal diet

1.155   As part of the ongoing programme of work on the maternal diet, the Committee were asked whether exposure to ergot alkaloids (EAs) would pose a risk to maternal health.

1.156   Ergot alkaloids (EA) are secondary metabolites produced by the fungi families Clavicipitaceae and Trichocomaceae, with Claviceps purpurea being the most widespread Clavicepsspecies in Europe. Based on their occurrence and the available toxicological data the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considered six EAs in their risk assessment in 2005, namely: ergotamine, ergocornine, α-ergocryptine, ergosine, ergocristine (peptide ergot alkaloids) and ergometrine (a lysergic acid amide). EFSA further included both forms (-ine and inine) in their assessment, while the -inine forms are considered biologically inactive interconversion occurs under various conditions (EFSA, 2005, Tasker and Wipf, 2021). Bromocriptine is synthetic ergoline derivate and it is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and pituitary tumours (Herdman et all., 2001).

1.157   The EA were discussed at July 2022 COT meeting. The Committee considered information on toxicology, metabolism and dietary exposure presented in the paper and raised a number of questions along with suggestions for data that should be considered. However, overall, Members considered that EAs would not have adverse effects on maternal health at likely levels of exposure.

1.158   A statement will be prepared by the COT in 2023.  

Raspberry Leaf tea in the maternal diet

1.159   As part of the current programme of work on the maternal diet, the Committee considered the use of herbal dietary supplements during pregnancy. These were supplements that were not officially recommended by the relevant authorities, but which were promoted by anecdotal evidence and unofficial sources as having various purported benefits. Raspberry leaf tea was identified as one of the supplements that should be considered in more detail.

1.160   Raspberry leaf was most commonly taken during pregnancy for its purported effects in stimulating and facilitating labour and in shortening its duration.

1.161   Members considered that it was not possible currently to derive a point of departure to be used in the risk assessment of raspberry leaf use during pregnancy, based on the data presented. There were numerous reasons for this.

1.162   It was agreed that a draft statement would be prepared in 2023 specifically cross-referencing the COT’s previous work on some of the components of raspberry leaf, such as polyphenols.

Green tea catechins

1.163   The COT had been asked by the FSA to evaluate green tea catechins and the associated probable idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. This was following a request from the Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards (NLCS) Common Framework, on behalf of the UK to evaluate whether the conclusions of the 2018 EFSA opinion on the safety of green tea catechins were still applicable considering any new scientific data that may have become available since its adoption. This would enable the NLCS to consider the next steps for the risk management of these compounds.

1.164   The 2018 EFSA Opinion concluded that catechins (principally - epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), from infusions or in reconstituted drinks are generally considered safe. However, rare cases of liver injury have been reported after consumption of green tea infusions, most probably due to an idiosyncratic reaction. Based on the available data on the potential adverse effects of green tea catechins on the liver, there is evidence from interventional clinical trials that intake of doses equal to or above 800 mg EGCG/day taken as a food supplement has been shown to induce a statistically significant increase of serum transaminases in treated subjects compared to control.

1.165   A statement on green tea catechins will be published in 2023.

How the Committees evaluate the relevance and reliability of data when assessing a chemical of concern

1.166   The COT, COC and COM have continued to develop the joint non-technical statement on how the Committees evaluate the relevance and reliability of data when assessing a chemical of concern in 2022. An updated version was presented to the COT in July. Further revisions are expected to be considered by correspondence across all three Committees in 2023.

An update of the COT position on aircraft cabin air

1.167   In 2007, the Committee on Toxicity (COT) published a statement on aircraft cabin air, having been asked by the Department for Transport (DfT) to undertake an independent scientific review of data submitted by the British Airline Pilots Association (BALPA) relating to organophosphate (OP) compounds, the cabin air environment, ill-health in aircraft crews and the possible relationship to smoke/fume events in aircraft, due to concerns about the possible effects on aircrew health of oil/hydraulic fluid smoke/fume contamination incidents in commercial aircraft (COT, 2007).

1.168   In 2013, DfT asked the COT to undertake an independent scientific review of the results of DfT-funded aircraft cabin environment research commissioned in response to recommendations made by COT in 2007, after which the COT issued a position statement on cabin air (COT, 2013).

1.169   The COT has now been asked by DfT to investigate any new data that have been published and to re-evaluate their previous views, and in particular consider the question “Is there evidence of exposure to chemical contaminants in cabin air that could have long-term health impacts, either from acute exposures or due to long-term low level exposures including mixtures, e.g. of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?”.

1.170   In 2022, the Committee considered papers on an updated literature search on the potential health risks from organophosphate exposure in aircraft cabin air, an assessment of the concentrations of VOCs in aircraft cabin air compared with other modes of transport and other work environments, and a paper on carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in aircraft cabin air.

1.171   Further papers will be considered in 2023, before the Committee publishes an updated position.

COT FSA Paving the way for a UK Roadmap: Development, Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Chemical Risk Assessment – Development of a UK road map and Workshop Report

1.172   The FSA and COT are developing a UK roadmap towards acceptance and integration of New Approach Methodologies in chemical risk assessment, including predictive toxicology methods using computer modelling, into safety and risk assessments for regulatory decision making. The first draft of the road map was discussed in June 2021.

1.173   A 2-day workshop was then held in October 2021 with the intention of gaining insights from a variety of perspectives to help develop the COT FSA UK Roadmap.

1.174   The aim of the workshop was to receive insights, comments and ideas from a wide variety of stakeholders, industry, academia and government, on the roadmap. The idea was to develop it into a useful and engaging document that is of value to more than just the FSA and COT. The workshop addressed issues such as: what might be holding back the progress of NAMs being used in the regulatory space, including a range of areas such as socio-technical barriers, regulatory frameworks and current legislation.

1.175   Members were content with the first draft of the workshop report. Some suggestions on restructuring the introduction were made along with some minor edits.

1.176   The finalised report will be published next year. A third draft version of the roadmap will be published in 2023.

Assurance of Joint Expert Group opinions

1.177   The Joint Expert Groups (JEGs) were established by the FSA to assess applications for the authorisations of regulated products that were previously authorised by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The three JEGS were FCM JEG which covers food contact materials, AFFAJEG which has responsibility for animal feed and feed additives, and AEJEG which has responsibility for food additives, enzymes and other regulated products. The COT provides support, challenge and assurance to the work of the three JEGS as set out below. In 2022, AFFA JEG was superseded by the reconstitution of the Advisory Committee on Animal Feeding stuffs (ACAF).

Draft Opinion on the extension of use of polyglycerol polyricinoleate

1.178   The COT considered a Risk Assessment prepared by the Joint Expert Group on Additives, Enzymes and other Regulated Products (AEJEG) regarding a n Application for the extension of use of PGPR in edible ices and emulsified sauces (RP217).

1.179    This item was reserved as it covers a draft AE JEG opinion on an application for the extension of use of the additive polyglycerol polyricinoleate, this is treated as draft policy.

1.180   A statement will be published in 2023.

Draft Opinion on the safety of the extension of use of mono- and di- glycerides (E471) for use as a surface treatment of fresh fruits and vegetables

1.181   The COT considered a Risk Assessment prepared by the AEJEG regarding an Application for the extension of use of mono- and di- glycerides for use as a surface treatment of fresh fruits and vegetables.

1.182    This item is currently reserved as it covers a draft AE JEG opinion on an application for the extension of use of the additive E471, this is treated as draft policy.

1.183   A statement will be published in 2023.

Evaluation of renewals of Smoke Flavourings authorisations

1.184   Smoke flavourings are covered by Retained EU Regulation 2065/2003 and therefore need to be authorised before they can be placed on the market in Great Britain (GB).  Smoke flavouring primary product authorisations are applicant specific and are valid for 10 years. The current authorisations end in January 2024.

1.185   The FSA has received 8 applications requesting a renewal of the authorisation of smoke flavourings in June 2022, which will be evaluated by the AEJEG. The COT have been kept updated on the progress of these applications.

1.186   The AEJEG meetings for the evaluation of these Applications will commence in the first quarter of 2023. 

1.187   This item was discussed as reserved business. 

Presentations

UK legislation on Food Contact Materials – an overview – Presentation by FSA FCM policy team

1.188   In light of COT discussions on Biologically-Based Food Contact Materials such as bamboo composites and chitosan as well as anticipated items on ocean bound plastic (OBP) and the COT’s remit to review the output of the Joint Expert Group on Food Contact Materials (FCM JEG), it was considered that an overview of the regulations covering food contact materials would be beneficial.

1.189   FSA policy colleagues provided a brief overview of the overarching food contact material legislation. This included a summary of the enforcing regulations for the UK, which are the Materials and Articles in Contact with Food Regulations 2012 (as amended). The regulations for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) enforce retained Regulation 1935/2004 (“the framework regulation”) and 10/2011 (“the plastics regulation”), with the current EU Regulations continuing to be applicable in Northern Ireland under the terms of the Northern Ireland Protocol.

1.190   All bio-based food contact materials need to meet the requirements under the retained framework regulation, including good manufacturing practice requirements. Depending on their composition some bio-based food contact materials are additionally required to adhere to the requirements under the retained plastics regulation. Finally, bio-based food contact materials are not regulated products in themselves but applications for such substances may need to be made should the business operator wish to use it in a material that falls under the scope of the plastics regulation.

1.191   Advanced materials may be categorised as active and intelligent materials and therefore would need to meet the additional requirements under retained Regulation 450/2009 (“the active & intelligent materials regulation”). Business operators have a responsibility to ensure that they are aware of the individual components of a material or article and are adhering to the requirements of the relevant regulations. Should the individual components of a material or article not fall under the scope of the additional measures, the default is that it must meet the catch-all framework and good manufacturing requirements. However, the plastics regulation does include multi-component plastic containing materials.

1.192   The EU would be implementing (and since have in October 2022) a new recycled plastics regulation and also have new proposals for legislation on FCMs in general, with a consultation running until the end of January 2023. The FSA will consider appropriate options regarding the updating of retained legislation following the EU proposals. This will provide clarity to operators if they are placing material on the UK or EU markets or both. Environmental considerations are also being taken into account as are other legitimate factors. Ultimately however, the legislation has to ensure that products placed on the market are safe for consumers with no adverse health implications.

1.193   Following the presentation, the Committee discussed the practical implications of regulations for testing that needs to be carried out for a new bio-based material. It was noted that a number of steps would need to be adhered to by the business operator given that the material is unlikely to have been previously used in a food contact material scenario). If the material is expected to be used, for example, in multiple material types, different food contact applications or are multifunctional, business operators will need to ensure that they are carrying out appropriate due diligence. They are responsible for ensuring that final products have undergone the appropriate testing and are safe in expected use.

1.194   The Committee acknowledged that while not directly the topic of the discussion, in some situations, i.e. for non-food applications, the food contact regulations may not be entirely applicable for the product produced and therefore, a cross-cutting approach might be needed (examples such as medical devices and biocidal products).

1.195   There continues to be close collaboration between FCM policy at the FSA and other Government Departments, allowing the business operator to be signposted to the relevant Department.

PhD Student and Postdoctoral Fellow presentations

1.196   The FSA and COT have been considering New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in order to understand the best scientific methodologies available for use in the risk assessment of chemicals, and to consider how these can be incorporated and accepted in a regulatory context.

1.197   In 2021, the FSA started funding a computational toxicology postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Birmingham and a PhD Student at King’s College London as part of their Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program (LIDo-TOX AI). The Fellow and PhD student have been working alongside other Government Departments to understand how NAMs will improve indicative levels of safety in chemical risk assessment.

1.198   In addition, these new partnerships have helped with networking, research collaboration, training opportunities and other activities in this area. The Fellowship and studentship also compliment the work set out in the COT FSA UK Roadmap towards (see paragraph 1.169) using NAMs in chemical risk assessment.

1.199   The Postdoctoral Fellow and the PhD student prepared a yearly review and gave presentations to the Committee on their progress to date.

1.200   The Postdoctoral fellow presented two case studies. The first of these focused on the plasticiser di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP). The main objective was to derive a health-based guidance value. Concentration-response data obtained from ToxCast studies, via the Chemicals Dashboard (US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)), were used. The second case study had, as chemical of choice, a perfluorinated substance, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The main objective was to integrate an in silico workflow with transcriptomics data to derive a health-based guidance value for PFOA that could be compared with that previously recommended by EFSA. Transcriptomics data published by Health Canada were used as a data source from in vitro exposures of Human Liver Microtissues (a commercial preparation of spheroids comprising primary hepatocytes and Kupffer cells) to PFOA.

1.201   The PhD student presented on the hybrid Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) model of mutagenicity developed by the Kings College team, which is, on average, 78% accurate at predicting mutagenicity. The hybrid model consists of two constituent QSAR models which individually are approximately 70% accurate on average. The first QSAR model used molecular fingerprint- based similarity index calculations, whereas the second QSAR model used molecular fragmentation, to identify pro-mutagenic characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) was successfully used to identify the key determinants of the predictions.

1.202   The COT Members were impressed with the progress to date and gave feedback to the fellow and PhD student.

Opportunities and outlook for UK food and Chemicals regulation post EU exit Workshop

1.203   The COT, UKHSA and FSA organised a workshop in July 2022 held in Liverpool on “Opportunities and outlook for UK food and Chemicals regulation post EU exit”.

1.204   The workshop was to build on the successful: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Workshop of 2019 : Drivers and scope for a UK chemicals framework.

1.205   The 2019 RSC workshop examined where chemicals regulation might be in the post EU exit landscape in the UK and the opportunities that might be realised from that.

1.206   From the 2019 workshop a number of actions were suggested.

1.207   After three intervening years (2022), several global events have impacted the economy and regulation in the UK including the post EU exit environment. In light of these events, the COT considered it would be timely to have a second workshop to review what has been achieved and what still needs to be done to realise the full potential of EU exit.

1.208   The purpose of the workshop was to review the food and chemical regulatory landscape; its transfer to the UK; future UK development (REACH) and divergence (drivers and supporting science); identify challenges and opportunities to consider where new structures and investment are required to realise and address these.

1.209   A workshop report will follow in 2023.

Working Groups

SETE

Report of the Synthesis and Integration of Epidemiological and Toxicological Evidence Subgroup (SETE) of the Committee on Toxicity and the Committee on Carcinogenicity

1.210   The UK Committees on Toxicity (COT) and on Carcinogenicity (COC) regularly review epidemiological and toxicological evidence in their risk assessments. There is, therefore, a need for guidance on the approaches used by the Committees to integrate these evidence streams, both for scientific consistency and to ensure public transparency. To that end, the Committees established the Synthesising and Integration of Epidemiological and Toxicological Evidence Subgroup (SETE) to review and document current practice and provide applicable guidance.

1.211   SETE recognised that issues on which advice from the Committees is sought varies considerably and hence the guidance proposed should be sufficiently flexible to address this.

1.212   Scoping and problem formulation were identified as the crucial first step in the process. This ensures the right questions are asked, helps make the most efficient use of resources and identifies the most appropriate approaches to use in the assessment. An established system or guidance to assess the separate/different evidence streams should be followed where feasible. For both epidemiological and toxicological evidence, a prescriptive checklist or scoring approach is not recommended. However, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of studies is important. The decision-making process should be robust, transparent, evidence-based, defensible and documented, but equally importantly, it should be easy to use. Collaboration and ongoing dialogue between epidemiologists, exposure experts and toxicologists are strongly advised. Information on mode of action (MOA) can be invaluable for evidence integration as it underpins weight of evidence considerations by providing the mechanistic link between empirical observation and biological plausibility.

1.213   All lines of evidence should be considered, with no pre-existing hierarchy. One way to clearly depict the influence of the different lines of evidence on causality s via visual representation (Figure 1).

Figure 1 is an example for the visual representation of the likelihood of a causal relationship, considering both epidemiological and toxicological data. The diagram is a multicoloured oblong shape with 4 lined boxes within it. It has an axis and a white oval in the centre of the squares with text.

Figure 1: Example for the visual representation of the likelihood of a causal relationship, considering both epidemiological and toxicological data.

1.214   Decisions on whether there is sufficient information to reach a conclusion or whether a causal relationship in humans is more likely or unlikely can be reached based on where the causal relationship appears on a graph. It is important to begin with the initial estimate of causal relationship at the centre of the graph. Depending on whether the toxicological, mechanistic or epidemiological evidence assessed supports or discounts (or has no clear influence on) a conclusion of causality, placement on the graph is then moved accordingly, either in a positive or negative direction. The movement is influenced by several factors, including the strength or weakness of the evidence, any relative weighing given to epidemiological and toxicological studies and the uncertainties associated with the data. As more information is included in the process and/or becomes available, the placement of the toxicological and/or epidemiological evidence can be easily adjusted and the impact on any possible conclusion easily seen.

1.215   In contrast to other approaches, the above visualisation aims to provide a pictorial representation of the consensus views of a Committee on the influence of the different lines of evidence on causation, assessed by debate and agreement of scientific experts. In this way, it provides a more objective means of collating the views of the Committee and communicating the agreed conclusion of a Committee on the likelihood of causation.

1.216   The conclusion should be stated, with an estimate of the overall uncertainty and, where appropriate, guidance on how data gaps could be filled.

1.217   The full SETE report and guidance document (Annex 1) can be found at SETE | Committee on Toxicity (food.gov.uk).

1.218   Please note, the guidance will be trialled by the COT for 2 years and then reviewed.

Joint SACN/COT Working Group on Plant Based Drinks

1.219   The Office of Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) (previously Public Health England) and the FSA received an increasing number of enquiries regarding the use of plant-based drinks in the diets of infants and young children aged 6 months to 5 years of age.

1.220   Current UK government advice regarding the use of plant-based drinks for infants and young children is that unsweetened calcium-fortified plant-based drinks, such as soya, oat and almond drinks, can be given to children from the age of 12 months as part of a healthy balanced diet; however, rice drinks should not be given due to the levels of arsenic in these products. 

1.221   In 2021, the COT was asked to consider the potential risks posed by soya, almond and oat drinks consumed in the diets of these age groups. A COT Statement was published in 2021.

1.222   Overall, the Committee concluded that neither the safety of these drinks, nor the suitability of the current guidance, could be confirmed from a toxicological perspective. The Members agreed that, in addition to potential toxicological concerns, consideration of nutritional issues would also be required to assess whether it was necessary to issue additional advice on the consumption of plant-based drinks in children aged 6 months to 5 years of age. As a result, a joint SACN/COT Working Group was established in 2021, to consider the benefits and risks of plant-based drinks in diets across all life stages.

1.223   In 2022, a call for evidence was issued which aimed to seek evidence with regards to specific aspects of nutrition, safety and toxicity of plant-based drinks. Details on the call for information can be found at: Call for Evidence.

1.224   The Joint Working Group considered the information received in response to this call for evidence, the COT Opinions on plant-based drinks and cow’s milk as well as exposure information and utilised the Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO) framework in order to compare the health risks and benefits of plant based drinks.

1.225   It is hoped that the report will be published in 2023.

Joint ACNFP/COT Working Group on Cannabidiol (CBD)

1.226   A joint Working Group has been established to review the data on cannabidiol (CBD) submitted as a part of the novel foods applications process.

1.227   The first meeting of the ACNFP/COT subcommittee was held in July and considered the toxicology datasets collated for CBD isolate applications and ultimately concluded that a list of toxicological uncertainties must be tackled before opinions on the safety of CBD isolates can be made.

1.228   The next meeting was held in September and the main topic of discussion was an in-depth review of the data on CBD isolates and synthetic CBD products. By using a refined but detailed table format, the Secretariat hopes to prompt further discussion amongst the subcommittee members. This will inform the next steps to support the review of dossiers in this group by the ACNFP.

Chair

Professor Alan Boobis OBE, PhD, FBTS, FBPhS

Emeritus Professor of Toxicology in the Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College London.

Members

Dr Phil Botham BSc, PhD

Principal Science Advisor at Syngenta (part time).

Ms Jane Case

Lay Member.

Dr Stella Cochrane BSc PhD

Science Leader for Allergy and Immunology in Unilever’s Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre.

Dr James Coulson BSc MBBCh Dip Med Tox Dip Therapeutics LLM MD FRCP FRCPE ERT

Clinical Reader at Cardiff University, Honorary Professor in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Honorary Consultant Physician, Clinical Pharmacologist and Toxicologist, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board.

Dr René Crevel

Director, René Crevel Consulting Limited. (Until March 2022)

Dr Silvia Gratz (from 31^st of May 2022)

Senior Research Fellow at the Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen.

Dr Caroline Harris PhD, CChem, FRSC

Practice Director and Principal Scientist, Exponent International Ltd. Term (Until March 2022).

Professor Thorhallur I. Halldorsson

Professor at the Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Iceland.

Professor Gary Hutchison

Dean of Applied Sciences at Edinburgh Napier University, with responsibility for Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Psychology, Teacher Education and Sports Exercise and Health Sciences.

Dr Sarah Judge BSc, PhD.

Lecturer in Pharmacology in the School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences at Newcastle University. 

Professor Gunter Kuhnle

Professor of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Reading.

Dr David Lovell

Emeritus Reader in Medical Statistics at St George’s Medical School, University of London.

Professor Shirley Price

Emerita Professor of Toxicology at the University of Surrey.

Dr Mac Provan

Director of Regulatory Science Ltd.

Ms Juliet Rix

Lay Member.

Dr Michael Routledge

Associate Professor of Environmental Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Leicester University.

Dr Cheryl Scudamore

RCVS Specialist in Veterinary Pathology (laboratory animals) working as independent consultant in experimental and toxicological pathology.

Dr Natalie Thatcher

Mondelēz International.

Professor Mireille Toledano

Chair in Perinatal and Paediatric Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London.

Dr Simon Wilkinson

Senior Lecturer in Pharmacology in the School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sports Sciences at Newcastle University.

Professor Philippe Wilson

Professor of Animal Science and Bioinformatics, Nottingham Trent University, and Head of Conservation at the Rare Breeds Survival Trust.

Professor Matthew Wright BSc, PhD

Professor of Toxicology, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University.

Professor Maged Younes

Independent expert on toxicology and biochemical pharmacology.

Secretariat

Ms Catherine Mulholland BSc (Hons), ERT Scientific Secretary

Ms Britta Gadeberg BSc (Hons) MSc Scientific Secretary – PHE

Dr David Gott BSc (Hons) PhD

Dr Alexander Cooper BSc (Hons) MSc PhD

Dr Barbara Doerr BSc (Hons) MSc PhD

Dr Douglas Hedley BSc (Hons) MSc PhD (until February 2022)

Ms Jocelyn Frimpong Manso BSc (Hons) MSc

Ms Cleanncy Hoppie BSc (Hons) MSc

Mr Barry Maycock BSc (Hons) MSc

Dr Olivia Osborne BSc (Hons) (Exon) PhD ERT MIFST

Ms Claire Potter BSc (Hons) MSc ERT

Dr Joseph Shavila BSc (Hons) MSc PhD

Ms Chloe Thomas BSc (Hons) (until April 2021)

Ms Sabrina Thomas BSc (Hons) MSc

Ms Chara Tsoulli BSc (Hons) MSc Ms

Ms Frederique Uy BSc (Hons) MSc

Miss Sophy Wells 

Dr Gaetana Spedalieri

Mr Thomas Hornsby BSc (Hons) MSc

Mr Lawrence Finn BSc (Hons) MSc

Ms Gail Drummond BSc (Hons) MSc, LLB, PG Dip (law)

Dr Emily Hudson BSc (Hons) Mres

Dr David Kovacic

Declaration of members’ interests during the period of this report

Professor r Alan Boobis OBE, PhD, FBTS, FBPhS

Dr Phil Botham

Ms Jane Case

Dr Stella Cochrane

Dr James Coulson

Dr René Crevel

Professor Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson

Dr Caroline Harris

Professor Gary Hutchison

Dr Sarah Judge

Professor Gunter Kuhnle

Dr David Lovell

Professor Shirley Price

Dr Mac Provan

Ms Juliet Rix

Dr Michael Routledge

Dr Cheryl Scudamore

Dr Natalie Thatcher

Professor Mireille Toledano

Dr Simon Wilkinson

Professor Phillipe Wilson

Professor Matthew Wright      

Professor Maged Younes

Dr Silvia Gratz

Preface       

Head and shoulders image of Professor Gareth Jenkins in front of a light-coloured background wearing a dark coloured shirt.

I am delighted to present this report on the work of the Committee on Mutagenicity (COM) during 2022.

The Committee on Mutagenicity (COM) provides advice on potential mutagenic activity of specific chemicals at the request of UK Government Departments and Agencies. Such requests generally relate to chemicals for which there are incomplete, non-standard or controversial data sets for which independent authoritative advice on potential mutagenic hazards and risks is required. Recommendations for further studies are, on occasions, made.

The Committee also advises on important general principles and on new scientific work related to the assessment of mutagenic risk and makes recommendations on wider aspects of mutagenicity testing.  The membership of the Committee, declarations of their interests, agendas and minutes of meetings, and statements are all published on the internet at: Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk).

In 2022, COM continued work discussing the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (MUT/2022/05) following the updated opinion published by EFSA in 2021. This review of titanium dioxide will be continued and concluded in 2023/2024.

In 2022 COM, at the request of COC who were writing a paper on carcinogenicity biomarkers, discussed ‘genotoxicity biomarkers’ sections (MUT/2022/03) and contributed to the final COC Biomarkers paper.

COM also discussed the description of the process of chemical risk assessment from a lay perspective (MUT/2022/03) and we have now begun the process of generating lay summaries of COM decision papers (MUT/2022/13). I think it is a key priority to ensure that our work is presented in a way understandable to the lay person in the UK.

COM have made specific recommendation in 2022 on the mutagenic hazards and risks posed by a number of substances including; Acrylamide, novel can coatings, Bisphenol-A and hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs) used in foods.

The COM maintained its awareness of the implications of EU EXIT on its work and remained alert to the continuing uncertainty as to how the UK's regulatory environment and its relationships with international organisations will develop in 2023 and onwards.

I would specifically like to thank the COM secretariat for their exceptional support to the COM and to the IEH team for the excellent work they delivered in 2022. As always, I am grateful for the support of the individual members of the committee for their expert advice, the effort and time they put in and their support throughout the year.

Professor Gareth Jenkins- Chair

COM guidance series update

Guidance statement the use of biomarkers in genotoxicity in risk assessment

2.1      At the request of the COC, the COM considered a revised version of the COC Guidance Statement G04 ‘The use of biomarkers in carcinogenic risk assessment’ at the COM March 2022 meeting (MUT/2022/03). Particular focus was given to the ‘DNA’ and ‘genotoxicity biomarkers’ sections, both of which had had been shortened in the current version of G04 as part of a document revision process.

2.2      It was agreed that COM would produce a guidance statement that provided a more comprehensive overview of these areas, which could then be referred to by the other Committees. A draft scoping document outlining the proposed content of guidance statement was presented to the COM at its meeting in June 2022 (MUT/2022/06).

2.3      Several modifications to the scoping document were suggested by members and these were incorporated into a first draft document presented at the COM October 2022 meeting (MUT/2022/11).  Members considered that the focus of the COM document should be in vivo biomarkers of DNA damage, with greater distinction from the COC Guidance Statement G04. Work is ongoing to progress a second draft document.

Guidance on how the committees evaluate the relevance and reliability of data when assessing a chemical of concern

2.4          At the COM March 2022 meeting, the COM considered a draft document outlining the Committee evaluation process focussing on the relevance and reliability of data written specifically to inform the lay person (MUT/2022/03). This document evolved from a scoping paper on the topic of ‘biological relevance and statistical significance’, presented to the Joint COC/COM meeting in November 2020 (CC/MUT/2020/03) also attended by some COT members, which outlined some of the more relevant and significant work that has been published on this issue in recent years. It was agreed that two documents should be progressed. The first document should be aimed at the lay audience about the process used by the Committees to evaluate evidence and reach conclusions and a second document aimed at a more informed audience on statistical significance testing and consideration of biological relevance.

2.5          Paper MUT/2022/04 presented an updated version of the draft document, amended following comments from COM members at the March 2022 meeting. The draft document would also be discussed by COT and COC at their July 2022 meetings.

2.6          COM members asked for a small number of additional changes to be made prior to the document being evaluated by COC and COT. This included emphasising the public-facing role of the document.

Non-expert summaries for COM website

2.7          At the COM meeting in June 2022, it was agreed that the general public could benefit from the addition of non-expert summaries to the start of each COM guideline document.

2.8          A draft non-expert summary for the overarching COM guideline, ‘Guidance on a strategy for genotoxicity testing of chemicals (MUT/2022/13) was presented at the COM October 2022 meeting. Members considered that some text could be removed, as this was available on the COM website, and a link provided to that website. In addition, it was recommended that links to the glossary should be utilised fully as this provided an immediate and understandable definition for readers. Specific comments on the paper were requested to be sent directly to the Secretariat so that the paper could be updated.

EFSA assessment of the genotoxicity of acrylamide

2.9          Following a request by the European Commission (EC), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a statement on the assessment of recent publications on the genotoxicity of acrylamide (EFSA, 2022).

2.10       The request by the EC followed the publication of a review article by Eisenbrand (2020a) and its erratum (Eisenbrand, 2020b). However, as EFSA did not consider the review and erratum to be comprehensive, a literature search of the recent data on the genotoxicity and mode of action of acrylamide was also undertaken.

2.11       EFSA concluded that the majority of the new studies published since 2015 confirmed and extended the clastogenic properties of acrylamide/glycidamide. In addition to genotoxicity, non-genotoxic effects may contribute to the carcinogenicity of acrylamide. There was further substantial evidence for the genotoxicity of acrylamide mediated by the formation of its metabolite glycidamide. Overall, the new studies evaluated extend the information assessed previously and support EFSA’s conclusion on the risks to human health related to the presence of acrylamide in food. EFSA further considered the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach to still be appropriate and concluded that an update of its 2015 opinion is currently not required.

2.12       The COM considered the recent EFSA assessment and agreed that the information/data considered in the assessment confirmed and strengthened most aspects of EFSA’s previous opinion.

2.13       The review paper by Eisenbrand 2020 argued against a genotoxic mode of action for the carcinogenicity of acrylamide and that genotoxic effects were only seen above normal physiological levels of exposure. Members had reservations about the paper by Eisenbrand and considered that it had limitations. The COM agreed that exposure to acrylamide induced gene mutation and was clastogenic in mammalian cells. The genotoxic mode of action appeared to occur via CYP2E1 metabolism to the mutagenic and clastogenic metabolite glycidamide. The role of acrylamide itself was unclear. Members considered that the genotoxicity arising from acrylamide exposure may also involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage.

2.14       Overall, the COM agreed with EFSA’s conclusion that the MOE approach would still be appropriate.

Discussion paper on a coating in canned food packaging materials

2.15       This item was presented as a reserved item.

2.16       Members discussed the information provided to the Committee on a can coating as well as the assessment and discussions of the Joint Expert Group on Food Contact Materials (FCM JEG). Following the COMs assessment, the discussion paper was presented to the Committee on Toxicity, together with the discussions of the FCM JEG and COM. The work is ongoing, but a final assessment is expected in 2023.

Draft statement on the genotoxicity of hydroxyanthracene derivatives in food

2.17       The genotoxicity of hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs) used in foods had been discussed at the COM meeting in October 2021. Following a request from UK-wide Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards (NLCS) policy group, the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) commissioned an independent view from the COM on the mutagenicity of HADs based on consideration of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2018 opinion on HADs and any additional new data that have become available.

2.18       This discussion of the COM was held in March 2022. At this meeting, COM Members were asked by the FSA Secretariat to consider whether they agree with the following overall conclusions of the EFSA ANS Panel, i.e. i) emodin, aloe-emodin, and dantron are genotoxic in vitro; ii) HADs should be considered as genotoxic in vivo unless there are specific data to the contrary (such as for rhein); iii) there is a safety concern for plant extracts containing HADs (although there is some uncertainty); and iv) it is not possible to provide advice on a daily intake of HADs that does not give rise to health concerns (for both the general population, and vulnerable subgroups of the population). Furthermore, the COM was asked to consider whether any of these conclusions would be affected by the results of the studies published since the 2018 EFSA opinion.

2.19       Overall, the COM agreed that that the available evidence indicates that emodin, aloe-emodin, and dantron are genotoxic in vitro, namely from Ames tests.

2.20       The COM agreed that the negative results from the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay are valid and concluded that there is reasonable evidence that there is no genotoxic effect or mechanism in vivo. Subsequently, a new in vivo genotoxicity study would not be helpful. The COM considered that the reported carcinogenic effects of HADs, including those seen in the comet assay of colon cells, are caused by the high levels of irritation, inflammation, and diarrhoea.

2.21       The Committee agreed that it should in theory be possible to establish a daily intake of HADs that does not give rise to health concerns using carcinogenicity data. However, more in vivo carcinogenicity data are needed to carry out dose response modelling and to identify a point of departure. The Committee agreed that a specification for supplements regarding HADS contents would be useful for comparison against this potential ADI.

2.22       The Committee agreed that the studies published after 2018 are mostly negative in vivo data, which weaken the evidence that there is a genotoxic effect in vivo.

2.23       Following the COM consideration and conclusions, a draft statement was produced (MUT/2022/01) and Committee Members were asked to provide any comments on the structure and content of the draft statement. The COM were content with the draft statement, and this was agreed with no significant amendments.

Review of titanium dioxide genotoxicity

2.24       Following the publication of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion on titanium dioxide in 2021, which concluded that titanium dioxide could no longer be considered to be ‘safe’ for use in food, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) initiated a review of the EFSA opinion.

2.25       The EFSA opinion was presented to the COM in June 2021 (MUT/2021/03) and to the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) in July 2021 (TOX/2021/36). The COM had a number of concerns over the EFSA opinion on the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide. Due to this and following the advice of the COT the FSA initiated an independent evaluation of the safety of the use of titanium dioxide as a food additive.

2.26       In October 2021, paper MUT/2021/08 was presented to the COM, which summarised the available genotoxicity on titanium dioxide. Members considered that it was not possible to evaluate the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide at that stage. The COM suggested a sifting approach to the available genotoxicity should be adopted as a first step before evaluation. The Chair of the COM, a subgroup of the COM and the secretariat subsequently attended meetings to discuss and agree the criteria and methodology for sifting to identify suitable papers for the evaluation of titanium dioxide.

2.27       At the COM June 2022 meeting, paper MUT/2022/05 provided information and papers on approaches relating to the sifting and evaluation of the quality genotoxicity studies and evaluating data on nanomaterials. As an update since that meeting, members were informed that a sub-group of the COM had met to discuss the process to select relevant and appropriate studies to be reviewed by the committee. A proforma had been produced, which would be shared with members. This considered two levels, namely, whether the characteristics of the test material had been sufficiently described (e.g., micro or nano sized particles) and the quality and reliability of how the genotoxicity studies had been conducted.

Update on the COM review of the EFSA evaluation of bisphenol-a

2.28       The Food Standards Agency (FSA) provided an update on the EFSA consultation on its draft opinion proposing a lowering of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for bisphenol A.

2.29       EFSA published a consultation on its draft opinion, which closed on the 22^nd February 2022. In response to this consultation the FSA requested that the Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food consumer products and the environment (COT) provide a view to EFSA. The COT had a number of concerns over the approach used by EFSA in its evaluation, which the COT considered made it difficult to assess the toxicity database as a whole and had a number of concerns relating to the studies used to derive the new EFSA proposed TDI. The COT had requested the opinion of COM members on the EFSA evaluation of the genotoxicity data on bisphenol A and thanked the COM for its contribution. COM members were generally content with the EFSA review of the genotoxicity data and agreed with the overall EFSA conclusion that DNA strand breaks, clastogenic and aneugenic effects seen in mammalian cells in vitro following exposure to bisphenol A were very likely due to oxidative stress related mode of genotoxicity and that bisphenol A was not mutagenic in vivo. The combined COT and COM comments had been submitted to EFSA.

2.30       Following the publication of the finalised EFSA opinion the FSA would need to consider whether it needed to be referred to the UK expert advisory committees again. It was considered unlikely that there would be a need to consult the COM further on the genotoxicity aspect and would more likely be referred to one of the other expert committees, such as the Committee on the carcinogenicity of chemicals in food consumer products and the environment (COC).

2.31        A summary paper was presented outlining some of the current issues being discussed at a recent meeting and workshop covering issues that may be of interest to COM for future horizon scanning (MUT/2022/12). The first summary gave a brief overview of topics discussed at the UKEMS Next Generation Sequencing Workshop, held in May 2022 in London. The second provided a summary of some sessions of the UK Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) Annual Meeting, held in July 2022 in Harrogate.

2.32       A few suggestions were made by members during discussion of the paper. These included consideration of: iPS organoids as model systems (COM and COC); the use of genomics in toxicity testing strategies; and whether epigenetics should/can be incorporated into standard toxicity testing.

2.33       Members were informed of a proposal from Norway to update OECD Test Guideline 489 on the in vivo alkaline comet assay to include the investigation of germ cells. Currently any modifications have not been sufficiently validated, but it was early stages for the OECD.

2.34       The COM also heard that the OECD Test Guideline 488 Transgenic rodent somatic and gene mutation assays had been updated and published.

Chairman

Professor Gareth Jenkins

Professor of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Swansea University.

Members

Dr Carol Beevers

Regulatory Toxicology, Corteva Agriscience.

Amit Bhagwat

Lay Member.

Professor Shareen Doak

Professor of Genotoxicology & Cancer, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Swansea University.

Dr Ann Doherty (From July 2022)

Head of Safety Innovation, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca.

Dr Paul Fowler

FSTox Consulting.

Dr Nathan Goldsmith (From September 2022)

Associate Member, Exponent.

Professor David Harrison MD DSc FRCPath FRCPEd FRCSEd

Professor of Pathology, University of St Andrews.

Dr George Johnson

Associate Professor, Swansea University Medical School.

Ms Julia Kenny

Nonclinical Safety Project Toxicologist, GSK.

Dr Andrew Povey

Reader in Molecular Epidemiology, University of Manchester.

Mr Paul Rawlinson (from July 2022)

Gentronix Ltd.

Mrs Madeleine Wang

Lay Member.

Secretariat

Dr Ovnair Sepai                                   

PHE Scientific Secretary.

Dr D Gott BSc (Hons) PhD                    

FSA Scientific Secretary.

Mrs N Blowfield                                   

Administrative Secretary.

Declaration of members interests during the period of this report

Professor Gareth Jenkins

Dr Carol Beevers

Mr Amit Bhagwat

Professor Shareen Doak

Dr Ann Doherty (From July 2022).

Dr Paul Fowler

Dr Nathan Goldsmith (From September 2022).

Professor David Harrison

Dr George Johnson

Ms Julia Kenny       

Dr Andrew Povey

Mr Paul Rawlinson (From July 2022).

Ms Madeleine Wang

Preface

Head and shoulders image of Professor David Harrison in front of a grey background wearing a white shirt with a blue and yellow striped tie.

The Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) evaluates chemicals for their potential to cause cancer in humans at the request of UK Government Departments and Agencies.

The membership of the Committee, agendas and minutes of meetings, and statements are all published on the internet: Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk).

In practice the work of the Committee is divided into three sections: (i) response to enquiries regarding specific chemicals or classes of chemicals; (ii) revision and updating of guideline documents that inform industry, regulators and public on what kinds of evidence help to determine the potential to cause cancer and how to evaluate them; (iii) review of underpinning science and recent technology to see if we can develop more appropriate, safe ways to assess the potential of chemicals to cause cancer, thereby increasing safety, reducing use of animals, increasing speed and reducing costs.

I am grateful to Members, Secretariat and other advisors and contributors, without all of whom the Committee could not operate effectively.

Professor David Harrison

MD DSc FRCPath FRCPEd FRCSEd

Hydroxyanthracene derivatives

3.1      Following a request from UK-wide Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards (NLCS) policy group, the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) commissioned an independent view from the Committee on Mutagenicity (COM) on the mutagenicity of hydroxyanthracene derivates (HADs) based on consideration of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2018 opinion on HADs and any additional new data that have become available. The genotoxicity of HADs used in foods had been discussed at the COM meeting in October 2021 (see 2.17 above).

3.2      Overall, the COM agreed that the available evidence indicates that emodin, aloe-emodin, and dantron are genotoxic in vitro, namely from Ames tests. The COM agreed that the negative results from the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay are valid and concluded that there is reasonable evidence that there is no genotoxic effect or mechanism in vivo. Consequently, a new in vivo genotoxicity study would not be helpful. The COM considered that the reported carcinogenic effects of HADs, including those seen in the comet assay of colon cells, are caused by the high levels of irritation, inflammation, and diarrhoea. In March 2022 a discussion paper on the safety of HADs for use in food was brought for review by the COC for its opinion on the carcinogenic potential of HADs. The FSA requested that the COC review the carcinogenicity studies provided in the paper and evaluate the risk of HADs and whether a health-based guidance value (HBGV) could be derived from the information provided. 

3.3          The COC agreed with the COM that HADs are not a genotoxic carcinogen in vivo.  The committee suggested that while theoretically it would be possible to set an ADI, the data available was insufficient as a dose response has not been described. The COC indicated that a dose response was required in order to be able to identify a threshold or point of departure. The COC concluded that more information on the characterisation of HADs would be required for the Committee to discuss a possible HBGV and it would not be possible to set a HBGV for HADs as a single group as they are complex mixtures of different compounds that may have differing mechanisms of action. Therefore, more data would be required to make a decision as a blanket value could be misinterpreted.

3.4          Following a call to industry for new information and data, CRN UK were able to provide the FSA with a record of relevant journal articles that had not been considered in the original EFSA opinion.  Following an assessment of the information provided, the Secretariat determined that one of the articles might address some of the issues raised by the Committee at the March 2022 meeting.

3.5          In July 2022 this additional article, which suggested a potential HBGV for HADs, was presented to the COC. Members indicated that as this HBGV was not based upon any new data and therefore, the value presented in the paper was based upon many different variables including different strains of animals used, different dosing regimens and various endpoints. The COC agreed that there was still insufficient data to conclude on an appropriate HBGV for HADs. It was noted that the likely levels of exposure seemed to be less than those that would be expected to cause a risk in humans, but this should be explored further with a detailed exposure analysis.

3.6          An interim position paper with the addition of dietary and dermal exposure assessment will be presented to the COC in 2023.

Relevance and Reliability of Evidence

3.7          The COT, COC and COM have continued to develop the joint non-technical statement on how the Committees evaluate the relevance and reliability of data when assessing a chemical of concern in 2022. An updated version was presented to the COC in July 2022. Further revisions are expected to be considered by correspondence across all three Committees in 2023.

3.8          The COC held a workshop in November 2022 which aimed to determine what definitive steps can be undertaken to make progress towards improvement of the chemical risk assessment process and regulatory requirements for carcinogenicity, based on research undertaken over the last 10-20 years. The workshop considered issues in the context of pesticides, with different regulatory areas to be covered in future workshops.

3.9          Dr Susy Brescia (UK HSE) presented an outline of the status quo of the cancer assessment of pesticide active substances, identifying the limitations of the current paradigm and exploring some of the new approaches that are being developed. A second presentation was given by Dr Phil Botham (Syngenta Product Safety) which outlined a project being carried out by a working group of (mainly US) experts called the Rethinking Carcinogenicity Assessment for Agrochemicals Project (ReCAAP). This aims to propose a weight of evidence approach for waiving rodent cancer bioassays for the registration of food-use pesticides. The final presentation from Dr Richard Haworth (COC member) explored new approaches being taken for pharmaceuticals which evaluate whether a 2-year rat study is likely to add value to a human carcinogenicity risk assessment, and whether the assessment of pesticides can learn from these.

3.10       A number of key questions were then addressed in breakout discussion groups to answer the main theme questions:

• What opportunities are there to improve carcinogenic risk assessment in the UK?
• What is the future of the 2 year / lifetime bioassay?

3.11       A draft summary of the workshop will be presented to COC at the meeting in March 2023. Further development of the summary is ongoing.

3.12       COC and COM held a joint discussion session in March 2022, to which COT members were also invited.

3.13       Dr John Doe gave a presentation summarising the key points from the recent paper by Harrison and Doe ‘The modification of cancer risk by chemicals’ (Toxicology Research, Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021, Pages 800–809). There was agreement that the model proposed by Harrison and Doe articulated the development of cancer very clearly and there was desire to consider its use in chemical risk assessments. Future aspects to address included quantification, accounting for chemical concentration effects, and ensuring appropriate communication of uncertainty and ambiguity.

3.14       This was followed by a presentation by Dr Lesley Rushton on the evidence for shift work acting as a modifying risk factor for cancer. This was considered to exemplify why the impact of modifying factors for cancer risk should be evaluated, including considering other factors associated with them, for example obesity is associated with shift work and would also affect cancer risk/.

3.15       The session continued to provide a number of updates to COC and COM on the COT work on microplastics, the COM guidance on nanomaterials, the work of the FSA Joint Expert Groups, the OPSS Scientific Advisory Group on Chemical Safety of Non-Food and Non-Medicinal Consumer Products and the FSA computational toxicology fellowship and LiDO PhD studentship.

3.16       The COC undertakes horizon scanning exercises at regular intervals with the aim of identifying new and emerging issues which have potential to impact on public health.

3.17       In 2022, the Committee continued to have a standing agenda item for each meeting on horizon scanning topics and to update the COC on upcoming topics for UK and international scientific advisory groups. A full horizon scanning discussion was held in November 2021 and the COC will review the priority topics from the subsequent horizon scanning discussions in 2023.

3.18       At the end of discussion in 2021, it was agreed that the priority topics were:

• Maintain a watching brief on factors affecting cancer susceptibility including shift work, stress and other lifestyle factors and how that might affect assessment of chemicals and carcinogenicity.
• Consider an update to guidance on assessment of nanomaterials, possibly as a joint activity across COC, COM and COT.
• Gain awareness of the potential effects of antibiotics and antivirals on the microbiome.
• Consider a joint discussion with COM on thresholds for in vivo mutagens and whether there is new information subsequent to the 2010 COM opinion.
• Endocrine disruption and the link with carcinogenicity, acknowledging that endocrine disruption is also within the COT remit.
• Impact of chemicals on potential for metastasis or progression of cancer, in particular with respect to the tumour microenvironment.
• Communication of cancer risk and how COC should be involved with this, especially with the move away from a yes/no decision on whether a substance is a carcinogen, and ensuring consistency in describing risks, possibly starting with a landscape review of terminology across a number of Committees (FSA and UKHSA) and led by Lay Members.
• Ensuring appropriate considerations are made to acknowledging diversity in the population especially where there might be differences in risk between different groups.

COT/COC subgroup on the synthesis and integration of epidemiological and toxicological evidence in risk assessment

3.19       The COT and COC set up a subgroup to review the approaches to synthesising epidemiological and toxicological evidence that are used in chemical risk assessments. More information is provided in the COT section 1.210.

3.20       The Committee continued development of the guidance statement series during 2022. Final revisions to the COC Guidance Statement (G04) ‘Use of Biomarkers in Carcinogenic Risk Assessment’ are ongoing and are expected to be completed in 2023.

Chair

Professor David Harrison MD DSc FRCPath FRCPEd FRCSEd

Professor of Pathology, University of St Andrews.

Members

Mr Derek Bodey MA

Public Interest Representative.

Dr Gill Clare BSc PhD

Independent Consultant in Genetic Toxicology.

Dr Meera Cush

Senior Managing Consultant (Regulatory Toxicologist), Ramboll.

Dr Ruth Dempsey

Consultant: RD Science Speaks Consultancy, Sàrl.

Dr John Doe PhD

Research Fellow, Liverpool John Moore’s University.

Dr Richard Haworth MA VetMB DPhil FRCPath DipECVP DABT

Head of Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca.

Dr Ray Kemp BA MSc PhD MRTPI SIRM – To 30 June 2022

Public Interest Representative.

Professor Gareth Jenkins

Professor of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Swansea University.

Professor Neil Pearce BSc DipSci DipORS PhD DSc FRSNZ FMedSci FFPH

Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Dr Lesley Rushton OBE BA MSc PhD CStat HonFFOM (to 31st March 2022)

Emeritus Reader in Occupational Epidemiology, Imperial College London.

Dr Lesley Stanley MA PhD ERT FBTS

Consultant in Investigative Toxicology.

Professor Heather Wallace BSc (Hons) PhD FRCPath FBTS FRSC FRSB FBPS ERT (to 31st March 2022)

Professor in Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Aberdeen.

Secretariat

Miss B Gadeberg BSc (Hons) MSc ERT                  

UKHSA Scientific Secretary.

Dr D Gott BSc (Hons) PhD        

FSA Scientific Secretary.

Ms Cath Mulholland BSc (Hons), ERT          

FSA Scientific Secretary.

Mrs N Blowfield                                             

Administrative Secretary.

Declaration of members interests during the period of this report

Professor David Harrison

Mr Derek Bodey

Dr Gill Clare

Dr Meera Cush

Dr Ruth Dempsey

Dr John Doe PhD

Dr Richard Haworth                 

Dr Ray Kemp (To 30^th June 2022).

Professor Gareth Jenkins

Professor Neil Pearce

Dr Lesley Stanley

Dr Lesley Rushton OBE BA MSc PhD Cstat HonFFOM (To 31st March 2022).

Professor Heather Wallace BSc Hons PhD FRCPath FBTS FRSC FRSB ERT (To 31st March 2022).