References

Abundance and Health., 2021. Altrient C Welcomes Latest ASA Ruling on Clarity of Liposomal Vitamin C Marketing. Available at. Accessed 16^th February 2023.

Advertising Standards Authority., 2021. ASA Ruling on YourZooki Ltd. YourZooki Ltd - ASA | CAP Accessed 31^st January 2023.

Ahmed, K., Li, Y., McClements, D.J., Xiao, H., 2012. Nanoemulsion- and emulsion-based delivery systems for curcumin: Encapsulation and release properties. Food Chemistry 132, 799–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.039

Ajeeshkumar, K.K., Aneesh, P.A., Raju, N., Suseela, M., Ravishankar, C.N., Benjakul, S., 2021. Advancements in liposome technology: Preparation techniques and applications in food, functional foods, and bioactive delivery: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20, 1280–1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12725 [Abstract only]

Akbarzadeh, A., Rezaei-Sadabady, R., Davaran, S., Joo, S.W., Zarghami, N., Hanifehpour, Y., Samiei, M., Kouhi, M., Nejati-Koshki, K., 2013. Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications. Nanoscale Research Letters 8, 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-102

Allen, T.M., McAllister, L., Mausolf, S., Gyorffy, E., 1981. Liposome-cell interactions A study of the interactions of liposomes containing entrapped anti-cancer drugs with the EMT6, S49 and AE1 (transport-deficient) cell lines. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 643, 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(81)90080-8

Ali, A., Ahmad, U., Akhtar, J., Badruddeen, Khan, M.M., 2019. Engineered nano scale formulation strategies to augment efficiency of nutraceuticals. Journal of Functional Foods 62, 103554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103554

Altrient. (n.d.) Real Results. Real Results | Altrient Accessed 16^th February 2023.

Andar, A.U., Hood, R.R., Vreeland, W.N., Devoe, D.L., Swaan, P.W., 2014. Microfluidic preparation of liposomes to determine particle size influence on cellular uptake mechanisms. Pharm Res 31, 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-013-1171-8

Antony, B., Merina2, B., Iyer2, V.S., Judy2, N., Lennertz2, K., Joyal2, S., 2008. A Pilot Cross-Over Study to Evaluate Human Oral Bioavailability of BCM-95? CG (BiocurcumaxTM), A Novel Bioenhanced Preparation of Curcumin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70, 445. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.44591

Asher, G.N., Xie, Y., Moaddel, R., Sanghvi, M., Dossou, K.S.S., Kashuba, A.D.M., Sandler, R.S., Hawke, R.L., 2017. Randomized Pharmacokinetic Crossover Study Comparing 2 Curcumin Preparations in Plasma and Rectal Tissue of Healthy Human Volunteers. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.806

Aswathanarayan, J.B., Vittal, R.R., 2019. Nanoemulsions and Their Potential Applications in Food Industry. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3.

Benzaria, A., Chevalier-Lucia, D., Picart-Palmade, L., Hue, P., López-Pedemonte, T., Dumay, E., 2013. Intracellular fate of retinyl acetate-loaded submicron delivery systems by in vitro intestinal epithelial cells: a comparison between whey protein-stabilised submicron droplets and micelles stabilised with polysorbate 80. Food Research International 51, 679–692.

Bhalani, D.V., Nutan, B., Kumar, A., Singh Chandel, A.K., 2022. Bioavailability Enhancement Techniques for Poorly Aqueous Soluble Drugs and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 10, 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092055

Blair, E., Labs, V., Collins, F., 2021. Liposomal Cannabidiol Delivery: A Pilot Study. American Journal of Endocannabinoid Medicine 2, 1, 19-21.

Blumenthal, R., Weinstein, J.N., Sharrow, S.O., Henkart, P., 1977. Liposome--lymphocyte interaction: saturable sites for transfer and intracellular release of liposome contents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 74, 5603–5607. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5603

Bogman, K., Zysset, Y., Degen, L., Hopfgartner, G., Gutmann, H., Alsenz, J., Drewe, J., 2005. P-glycoprotein and surfactants: effect on intestinal talinolol absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2004.09.001

Briskey, D., Sax, A., Mallard, A.R., Rao, A., 2019. Increased bioavailability of curcumin using a novel dispersion technology system (LipiSperse®). Eur J Nutr 58, 2087–2097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1766-2

Carrière, F., Moreau, H., Raphel, V., Laugier, R., Benicourt, C., Junien, J.L., Verger, R., 1991. Purification and biochemical characterization of dog gastric lipase. Eur J Biochem 202, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16346.x

Cerqueira, M.A., Pinheiro, A.C., Pastrana, L.M., Vicente, A.A., 2019. Amphiphilic Modified Galactomannan as a Novel Potential Carrier for Hydrophobic Compounds. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 3, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00017

Choi, S.J., McClements, D.J., 2020. Nanoemulsions as delivery systems for lipophilic nutraceuticals: strategies for improving their formulation, stability, functionality and bioavailability. Food Sci Biotechnol 29, 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-019-00731-4

Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment. 2022a. Second draft statement on the potential risk to human health of turmeric and curcumin supplements. cot.food.gov.uk/Turmeric_Curcumin_Second_draft_statement

Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment. 2022b. Discussion paper on the potential risk to human health of turmeric and curcumin supplements. Discussion paper on the potential risk to human health of turmeric and curcumin supplements | Committee on Toxicity

Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment. 2023. 2022 Annual Report of the COT. Annex 5: Glossary. Annex 5 Glossary Accessed 4^th May 2023.

Constantinides, P.P., Wasan, K.M., 2007. Lipid formulation strategies for enhancing intestinal transport and absorption of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate drugs: in vitro/in vivo case studies. J Pharm Sci 96, 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20780 [Abstract only]

Cuomo, J., Appendino, G., Dern, A.S., Schneider, E., McKinnon, T.P., Brown, M.J., Togni, S., Dixon, B.M., 2011. Comparative Absorption of a Standardized Curcuminoid Mixture and Its Lecithin Formulation. J. Nat. Prod. 74, 664–669. https://doi.org/10.1021/np1007262

Davis, J.L., Paris, H.L., Beals, J.W., Binns, S.E., Giordano, G.R., Scalzo, R.L., Schweder, M.M., Blair, E., Bell, C., 2016. Liposomal-encapsulated Ascorbic Acid: Influence on Vitamin C Bioavailability and Capacity to Protect Against Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. Nutr Metab Insights 9, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S39764

De Prá, M.A.A., Vardanega, R., Loss, C.G., 2021. Lipid-based formulations to increase cannabidiol bioavailability: In vitro digestion tests, pre-clinical assessment and clinical trial. Int J Pharm 609, 121159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121159

Duconge, J., Miranda-Massari, J.R., Gonzalez, M.J., Jackson, J.A., Warnock, W., Riordan, N.H., 2008. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin C: insights into the oral and intravenous administration of ascorbate. P R Health Sci J 27, 7–19.

EFSA., 2018. Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain: Part 1, human and animal health. EFSA Journal 16, e05327. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5327

Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals, 2003. Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals. vitmin2003.pdf Accessed 13^th April 2023.

Fança-Berthon, P., Tenon, M., Bouter-Banon, S.L., Manfré, A., Maudet, C., Dion, A., Chevallier, H., Laval, J., van Breemen, R.B., 2021. Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Turmeric Curcuminoids Depends on Formulation: Results of a Human Crossover Study. The Journal of Nutrition 151, 1802–1816. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab087

Fanun, M., 2012. Microemulsions as delivery systems. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 17, 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2012.06.001

Flory, S., Sus, N., Haas, K., Jehle, S., Kienhöfer, E., Waehler, R., Adler, G., Venturelli, S., Frank, J., 2021. Increasing Post-Digestive Solubility of Curcumin Is the Most Successful Strategy to Improve its Oral Bioavailability: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Adults and In Vitro Bioaccessibility Experiments. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 65, 2100613. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202100613

Ganesan, P., Ramalingam, P., Karthivashan, G., Ko, Y.T., Choi, D.-K., 2018. Recent developments in solid lipid nanoparticle and surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticle delivery systems for oral delivery of phyto-bioactive compounds in various chronic diseases. IJN 13, 1569–1583. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S155593

Garti, N., Aserin, A., 2012. 9 - Micelles and microemulsions as food ingredient and nutraceutical delivery systems, in: Garti, Nissim, McClements, D.J. (Eds.), Encapsulation Technologies and Delivery Systems for Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 211–251. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095909.3.211 [Abstract only]

Goh, J., Menke, W., Herrick, L.P., Campbell, M.S., Abel, M.G., Fleenor, B.S., Bergstrom, H.C., 2020. Examination of Curcumin and Fenugreek Soluble Fiber Supplementation on Submaximal and Maximal Aerobic Performance Indices. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 5, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020034

Gopi, S., Balakrishnan, P., 2021. Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability. J Liposome Res 31, 356–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2020.1820521

Gota, V.S., Maru, G.B., Soni, T.G., Gandhi, T.R., Kochar, N., Agarwal, M.G., 2010. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Solid Lipid Curcumin Particle Formulation in Osteosarcoma Patients and Healthy Volunteers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 2095–2099. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9024807 [Abstract only]

Greil, R., Greil-Ressler, S., Weiss, L., Schönlieb, C., Magnes, T., Radl, B., Bolger, G.T., Vcelar, B., Sordillo, P.P., 2018. A phase 1 dose-escalation study on the safety, tolerability and activity of liposomal curcumin (Lipocurc™) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 82, 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-018-3654-0

Giulimondi, F., Digiacomo, L., Pozzi, D., Palchetti, S., Vulpis, E., Capriotti, A.L., Chiozzi, R.Z., Laganà, A., Amenitsch, H., Masuelli, L., Peruzzi, G., Mahmoudi, M., Screpanti, I., Zingoni, A., Caracciolo, G., 2019. Interplay of protein corona and immune cells controls blood residency of liposomes. Nat Commun 10, 3686. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11642-7

Gursoy, N.R., Benita, S., 2004. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for improved oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 58, 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2004.02.001

Haley, B., Frenkel, E., 2008. Nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer treatment. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, The Potential of Nanotechnology in Urologic Oncology 26, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.03.015

Hickey, S., Roberts, H.J., Miller, N.J., 2008. Pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin C. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 17, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840802305423

Hobbs, J.M., Vazquez, A.R., Remijan, N.D., Trotter, R.E., McMillan, T.V., Freedman, K.E., Wei, Y., Woelfel, K.A., Arnold, O.R., Wolfe, L.M., Johnson, S.A., Weir, T.L., 2020. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and acute anti-inflammatory potential of two oral cannabidiol preparations in healthy adults. Phytotherapy Research 34, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6651

Huang, Q., Yu, H., Ru, Q., 2010. Bioavailability and Delivery of Nutraceuticals Using Nanotechnology. Journal of Food Science 75, R50–R57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01457.x

Im, K., Ravi, A., Kumar, D., Kuttan, R., Maliakel, B., 2012. An enhanced bioavailable formulation of curcumin using fenugreek-derived soluble dietary fibre. Journal of Functional Foods 4, 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.01.004

Imran, M., Revol-Junelles, A.-M., Paris, C., Guedon, E., Linder, M., Desobry, S., 2015. Liposomal nanodelivery systems using soy and marine lecithin to encapsulate food biopreservative nisin. LWT - Food Science and Technology 62, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.12.046

Inglut, C.T., Sorrin, A.J., Kuruppu, T., Vig, S., Cicalo, J., Ahmad, H., Huang, H.-C., 2020. Immunological and Toxicological Considerations for the Design of Liposomes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 10, 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020190

 Iqbal, J., Hussain, M.M., 2009. Intestinal lipid absorption. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, E1183–E1194. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90899.2008

Izgelov, D., Davidson, E., Barasch, D., Regev, A., Domb, A.J., Hoffman, A., 2020. Pharmacokinetic investigation of synthetic cannabidiol oral formulations in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 154, 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.021

Jacob, J., Sukumaran, N.P., Jude, S., 2021. Fiber-Reinforced-Phospholipid Vehicle-Based Delivery of l -Ascorbic Acid: Development, Characterization, ADMET Profiling, and Efficacy by a Randomized, Single-Dose, Crossover Oral Bioavailability Study. ACS Omega 6, 5560–5568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05963

Jäger, R., Lowery, R.P., Calvanese, A.V., Joy, J.M., Purpura, M., Wilson, J.M., 2014. Comparative absorption of curcumin formulations. Nutrition Journal 13, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-11

Jamwal, R., 2018. Bioavailable curcumin formulations: A review of pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers. Journal of Integrative Medicine 16, 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2018.07.001

Corrigendum to “Bioavailable curcumin formulations: A review of pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers” [J. Integr. Med. 16(6) (2018) 367-374] - PubMed [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31126792/ (accessed 2.1.23).

Jones, D., Caballero, S., Davidov-Pardo, G., 2019. Chapter Six - Bioavailability of nanotechnology-based bioactives and nutraceuticals, in: Lim, L.-T., Rogers, M. (Eds.), Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Food Applications of Nanotechnology. Academic Press, pp. 235–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.014 [Abstract only]

Joseph, A., Kumar, D., Balakrishnan, A., Shanmughan, P., Maliakel, B., Im, K., 2021. Surface-engineered liposomal particles of calcium ascorbate with fenugreek galactomannan enhanced the oral bioavailability of ascorbic acid: a randomized, double-blinded, 3-sequence, crossover study. RSC Adv. 11, 38161–38171. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA06483E

Kanae, H., Teshima, K., Shiroma, T., Noguchi, K., 2022. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of novel curcumin formulations mixed with fish oils in healthy humans. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 86, 1688–1694. https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbac161

Kharat, M., McClements, D.J., 2019. Recent advances in colloidal delivery systems for nutraceuticals: A case study – Delivery by Design of curcumin. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 557, 506–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.045

Kipp, J.E., 2004. The role of solid nanoparticle technology in the parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 284, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.07.019

Kirkwood, K., 2018. Using Micronization to Increase Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Using Micronization to Increase Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients [Accessed 31^st January 2023).

Knaub, K., Sartorius, T., Dharsono, T., Wacker, R., Wilhelm, M., Schön, C., 2019. A Novel Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Based on VESIsorb® Formulation Technology Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Molecules 24, 2967. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162967

Knoll, G., Burger, K.N., Bron, R., van Meer, G., Verkleij, A.J., 1988. Fusion of liposomes with the plasma membrane of epithelial cells: fate of incorporated lipids as followed by freeze fracture and autoradiography of plastic sections. Journal of Cell Biology 107, 2511–2521. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.6.2511

Kocher, A., Schiborr, C., Behnam, D., Frank, J., 2015. The oral bioavailability of curcuminoids in healthy humans is markedly enhanced by micellar solubilisation but not further improved by simultaneous ingestion of sesamin, ferulic acid, naringenin and xanthohumol. Journal of Functional Foods 14, 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.045

Kocher, A., Bohnert, L., Schiborr, C., Frank, J., 2016. Highly bioavailable micellar curcuminoids accumulate in blood, are safe and do not reduce blood lipids and inflammation markers in moderately hyperlipidemic individuals. Mol Nutr Food Res 60, 1555–1563. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201501034

Kossena, G.A., Charman, W.N., Boyd, B.J., Dunstan, D.E., Porter, C.J.H., 2004. Probing drug solubilization patterns in the gastrointestinal tract after administration of lipid‐based delivery systems: A phase diagram approach. JPharmSci 93, 332–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.10554 [Abstract only]

Kotake-Nara, E., Nagao, A., 2012. Effects of Mixed Micellar Lipids on Carotenoid Uptake by Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76, 875–882. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.110777

Kreuter, J., 1991. Peroral administration of nanoparticles. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Gastrointestinal Tract as a Site for Drug Delivery 7, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-409X(91)90048-H

Kulthe, S.S., Choudhari, Y.M., Inamdar, N.N., Mourya, V., 2012. Polymeric micelles: authoritative aspects for drug delivery. Designed Monomers and Polymers 15, 465–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/1385772X.2012.688328

Li, G., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Hu, L., 2021. Nanoemulsion-based delivery approaches for nutraceuticals: fabrication, application, characterization, biological fate, potential toxicity and future trends. Food Funct. 12, 1933–1953. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0FO02686G [Abstract only]

Li, H., Zhao, X., Ma, Y., Zhai, G., Li, L., Lou, H., 2009. Enhancement of gastrointestinal absorption of quercetin by solid lipid nanoparticles. Journal of Controlled Release 133, 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.10.002

Lipolife, Product Analysis (2023). Available at https://lipolife.co.uk/liposomal-market-analysis/. Accessed 16^th February 2023. 

Liu, P., Chen, G., Zhang, J., 2022. A Review of Liposomes as a Drug Delivery System: Current Status of Approved Products, Regulatory Environments, and Future Perspectives. Molecules 27, 1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041372

Liu, W., Hou, Y., Jin, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, X., Han, J., 2020. Research progress on liposomes: Application in food, digestion behavior and absorption mechanism. Trends in Food Science & Technology 104, 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.012

Liu, W., Ye, A., Han, F., Han, J., 2019. Advances and challenges in liposome digestion: Surface interaction, biological fate, and GIT modeling. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 263, 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.007

Łukawski, M., Dałek, P., Borowik, T., Foryś, A., Langner, M., Witkiewicz, W., Przybyło, M., 2020. New oral liposomal vitamin C formulation: properties and bioavailability. J Liposome Res 30, 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2019.1630642

Lynch, S.R., Cook, J.D., 1980. Interaction of vitamin C and iron. Ann N Y Acad Sci 355, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb21325.x

Madhavi, D., Kagan, D., 2014. Bioavailability of a Sustained Release Formulation of Curcumin. Integr Med (Encinitas) 13, 24–30.

Mason, T.G., Wilking, J.N., Meleson, K., Chang, C.B., Graves, S.M., 2006. Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18, R635. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/18/41/R01

McClements, D.J., 2018. Enhanced delivery of lipophilic bioactives using emulsions: a review of major factors affecting vitamin, nutraceutical, and lipid bioaccessibility. Food Funct. 9, 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FO01515A

McClements, D.J., 2012. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology, differences, and similarities. Soft Matter 8, 1719–1729. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2SM06903B

McClements, D.J., Li, F., Xiao, H., 2015. The Nutraceutical Bioavailability Classification Scheme: Classifying Nutraceuticals According to Factors Limiting their Oral Bioavailability. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 6, 299–327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-032814-014043

Millar, S.A., Stone, N.L., Yates, A.S., O’Sullivan, S.E., 2018. A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9.

Mintel. 2022. The Future of Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements 2022. Available at The-future-of-vitamins-minerals-and-supplements-market-report. Accessed 9^th May 2023.

Mozaffari, K., Willette, S., Lucker, B.F., Kovar, S.E., Holguin, F.O., Guzman, I., 2021. The Effects of Food on Cannabidiol Bioaccessibility. Molecules 26, 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123573

Müller, R.H., Mäder, K., Gohla, S., 2000. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery – a review of the state of the art. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 50, 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00087-4

Müller, R.H., Radtke, M., Wissing, S.A., 2002. Nanostructured lipid matrices for improved microencapsulation of drugs. Int J Pharm 242, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00180-1

Müllertz, A., Fatouros, D.G., Smith, J.R., Vertzoni, M., Reppas, C., 2012. Insights into intermediate phases of human intestinal fluids visualized by atomic force microscopy and cryo-transmission electron microscopy ex vivo. Mol Pharm 9, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp200286x

Oh, D.-M., Curl, R.L., Yong, C.-S., Amidon, G.L., 1995. Effect of micronization on the extent of drug absorption from suspensions in humans. Arch. Pharm. Res. 18, 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976347

Pagano, R.E., Weinstein, J.N., 1978. Interactions of Liposomes with Mammalian Cells. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering 7, 435–468. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.07.060178.002251

Panda, S.K., Somashekara -, Parachur, V.A., Mohanty, N., Swain, T., Sahu, S., 2019. A Comparative Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Bioavailable Curcumin Formulation Curene® with Curcumin Formulation Containing Turmeric Volatile Oil and Standard Curcuminoids 95% in Healthy Human Subjects. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 9, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v9i2.548

Panda, S.K., Nirvanashetty, S., Missamma, M., Jackson-Michel, S., 2021. The enhanced bioavailability of free curcumin and bioactive-metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin from a dispersible, oleoresin-based turmeric formulation. Medicine (Baltimore) 100, e26601. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026601

Patrician, A., Versic-Bratincevic, M., Mijacika, T., Banic, I., Marendic, M., Sutlović, D., Dujić, Ž., Ainslie, P.N., 2019. Examination of a New Delivery Approach for Oral Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetics Study. Adv Ther 36, 3196–3210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01074-6

Ponchel, G., Montisci, M.-J., Dembri, A., Durrer, C., Duchêne, D., 1997. Mucoadhesion of colloidal particulate systems in the gastro-intestinal tract. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 44, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00098-2

Porter, C.J.H., Trevaskis, N.L., Charman, W.N., 2007. Lipids and lipid-based formulations: optimizing the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6, 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2197

Pouton, C.W., Porter, C.J.H., 2008. Formulation of lipid-based delivery systems for oral administration: materials, methods and strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.010

Purpura, M., Lowery, R.P., Wilson, J.M., Mannan, H., Münch, G., Razmovski-Naumovski, V., 2018. Analysis of different innovative formulations of curcumin for improved relative oral bioavailability in human subjects. Eur J Nutr 57, 929–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1376-9

Qian, C., Decker, E.A., Xiao, H., McClements, D.J., 2012. Nanoemulsion delivery systems: Influence of carrier oil on β-carotene bioaccessibility. Food Chemistry 135, 1440–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.047

Sandra, A., Pagano, R., 1979. Liposome-cell interactions. Studies of lipid transfer using isotopically asymmetric vesicles. The Journal of biological chemistry.

Sasaki, H., Sunagawa, Y., Takahashi, K., Imaizumi, A., Fukuda, H., Hashimoto, T., Wada, H., Katanasaka, Y., Kakeya, H., Fujita, M., Hasegawa, K., Morimoto, T., 2011. Innovative Preparation of Curcumin for Improved Oral Bioavailability. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34, 660–665. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.34.660

Savjani, K.T., Gajjar, A.K., Savjani, J.K., 2012. Drug Solubility: Importance and Enhancement Techniques. ISRN Pharm 2012, 195727. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/195727

Schiborr, C., Kocher, A., Behnam, D., Jandasek, J., Toelstede, S., Frank, J., 2014. The oral bioavailability of curcumin from micronized powder and liquid micelles is significantly increased in healthy humans and differs between sexes. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 58, 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300724

Sharma, A., 1997. Liposomes in drug delivery: Progress and limitations. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 154, 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00135-X

Shen, Z., Fisher, A., Liu, W.K., Li, Y., 2018. 1 - PEGylated “stealth” nanoparticles and liposomes, in: Parambath, A. (Ed.), Engineering of Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems, Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101750-0.00001-5

Shin, G.H., Kim, J.T., Park, H.J., 2015. Recent developments in nanoformulations of lipophilic functional foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology 46, 144–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.005

Siano, D.B., 1983. The swollen micelle—microemulsion transition. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 93, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(83)90377-6

Silmore, L.H., Willmer, A.R., Capparelli, E.V., Rosania, G.R., 2021. Food effects on the formulation, dosing, and administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans: A systematic review of clinical studies. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 41, 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2512

Singh, Y., Meher, J.G., Raval, K., Khan, F.A., Chaurasia, M., Jain, N.K., Chourasia, M.K., 2017. Nanoemulsion: Concepts, development and applications in drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release 252, 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.008

Storka, A., Vcelar, B., Klickovic, U., Gouya, G., Weisshaar, S., Aschauer, S., Bolger, G., Helson, L., Wolzt, M., 2015. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of liposomal curcumin in healthy humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 53, 54–65. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP202076

Straubinger, R.M., Hong, K., Friend, D.S., Papahadjopoulos, D., 1983. Endocytosis of liposomes and intracellular fate of encapsulated molecules: Encounter with a low pH compartment after internalization in coated vesicles. Cell 32, 1069–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(83)90291-X [Abstract only]

Sun, Y., Xia, Z., Zheng, J., Qiu, P., Zhang, L., McClements, D.J., Xiao, H., 2015. Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for nutraceuticals: Influence of carrier oil type on bioavailability of pterostilbene. Journal of Functional Foods 13, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.030

Sunagawa, Y., Hirano, S., Katanasaka, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Funamoto, M., Okamura, N., Hojo, Y., Suzuki, H., Doi, O., Yokoji, T., Morimoto, E., Takahashi, T., Ozawa, H., Imaizumi, A., Ueno, M., Kakeya, H., Shimatsu, A., Wada, H., Hasegawa, K., Morimoto, T., 2015. Colloidal Submicron-Particle Curcumin Exhibits High Absorption Efficiency—A Double-Blind, 3-Way Crossover Study—. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 61, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.61.37

Tamjidi, F., Shahedi, M., Varshosaz, J., Nasirpour, A., 2013. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): A potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 19, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.03.002

Tan, C., Zhang, Y., Abbas, S., Feng, B., Zhang, X., Xia, S., 2014. Modulation of the carotenoid bioaccessibility through liposomal encapsulation. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 123, 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.10.011

Tanya, M., Hari K.S.L., 2017. Smedds/Snedds: An Emerging Technique to Solubility Enhancement for the Pharmaceutical Industry. Wjpps 317–336. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20177-9493

Terao, K., Nakata, D., Fukumi, H., Schmid, G., Arima, H., Hirayama, F., Uekama, K., 2006. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 by complexation with γ-cyclodextrin in healthy adults. Nutrition Research 26, 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2006.08.004

Thompson, A., Mozafari, M., Singh, H., 2007. The properties of liposomes produced from milk fat globule membrane material using different techniques. Dairy Science & Technology 87, 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1051/lait:200701

Ting, Y., Jiang, Y., Ho, C.-T., Huang, Q., 2014. Common delivery systems for enhancing in vivo bioavailability and biological efficacy of nutraceuticals. Journal of Functional Foods 7, 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.010

Tiwari, R., Takhistov, P., 2012. Nanotechnology-Enabled Delivery Systems for Food Functionalization and Fortification, in: Nanotechnology Research Methods for Foods and Bioproducts. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 55–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118229347.ch5 [Abstract only]

Torchilin, V.P., 2007. Micellar Nanocarriers: Pharmaceutical Perspectives. Pharm Res 24, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-006-9132-0 [Abstract only]

Trevaskis, N.L., Charman, W.N., Porter, C.J.H., 2008. Lipid-based delivery systems and intestinal lymphatic drug transport: a mechanistic update. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60, 702–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.09.007

Turánek, J., Mašek, J., Raška, M., Ledvina, M., Paulovičová, E., Hubatka, F., Kotouček, J., 2019. 13 - Modification of liposomal surface by polysaccharides: Preparation, characterization, and application for drug targeting, in: Maiti, S., Jana, S. (Eds.), Functional Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 433–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102555-0.00013-3 [Abstract only]

Uekaji, Y., Terao, K., 2019. Bioavailability enhancement of hydrophobic nutraceuticals using γ-cyclodextrin. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 93, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-018-0856-3 [Abstract only]

Wang, P., Liu, H.-J., Mei, X.-Y., Nakajima, M., Yin, L.-J., 2012. Preliminary study into the factors modulating β-carotene micelle formation in dispersions using an in vitro digestion model. Food Hydrocolloids, 10th International Hydrocolloids Conference 26, 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.11.018

Weiss, J., Decker, E.A., McClements, D.J., Kristbergsson, K., Helgason, T., Awad, T., 2008. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Bioactive Food Components. Food Biophysics 3, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-008-9065-8 [Abstract only]

Williams, N.N.B., Ewell, T.R., Abbotts, K.S.S., Harms, K.J., Woelfel, K.A., Dooley, G.P., Weir, T.L., Bell, C., 2021. Comparison of Five Oral Cannabidiol Preparations in Adult Humans: Pharmacokinetics, Body Composition, and Heart Rate Variability. Pharmaceuticals 14, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14010035

Xing, L., Tan, Z.-R., Cheng, J.-L., Huang, W.-H., Zhang, W., Deng, W., Yuan, C.-S., Zhou, H.-H., 2017. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of tanshinones between two formulations of Salvia miltiorrhiza in healthy volunteers. Sci Rep 7, 4709. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02747-4

Xing, M., Yan, F., Yu, S., Shen, P., 2015. Efficacy and Cardiotoxicity of Liposomal Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy in Advanced Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Ten Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One 10, e0133569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133569

Yáñez, J.A., Wang, S.W.J., Knemeyer, I.W., Wirth, M.A., Alton, K.B., 2011. Intestinal lymphatic transport for drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Lymphatic drug delivery: therapy, imaging and nanotechnology 63, 923–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.019

Yeap, Y.Y., Trevaskis, N.L., Porter, C.J.H., 2013. Lipid Absorption Triggers Drug Supersaturation at the Intestinal Unstirred Water Layer and Promotes Drug Absorption from Mixed Micelles. Pharm Res 30, 3045–3058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-013-1104-6

Yao, M., Xiao, H., McClements, D.J., 2014. Delivery of lipophilic bioactives: assembly, disassembly, and reassembly of lipid nanoparticles. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 5, 53–81. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-072913-100350

Yuan, H., Chen, J., Du, Y.-Z., Hu, F.-Q., Zeng, S., Zhao, H.-L., 2007. Studies on oral absorption of stearic acid SLN by a novel fluorometric method. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 58, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.03.002

Zordan-Nudo, T., Ling, V., Liu, Z., Georges, E., 1993. Effects of nonionic detergents on P-glycoprotein drug binding and reversal of multidrug resistance. Cancer Res 53, 5994–6000.

Zou, L., Zheng, B., Liu, W., Liu, C., Xiao, H., McClements, D.J., 2015. Enhancing nutraceutical bioavailability using excipient emulsions: Influence of lipid droplet size on solubility and bioaccessibility of powdered curcumin. Journal of Functional Foods 15, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.044

Zur Mühlen, A., Mehnert, W., 1998. Drug release and release mechanism of prednisolone loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmazie 53, 552–555.