References

Abd El-Aty, A. M., Choi, J-H., Musfiqur Rahman, Md., Kim, S-W., Tosun, A. and Shim, J-H. (2014) Residues and contaminants in tea and tea infusions: a review. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 31(11); pp.1794-1804. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2014.958575

Acosta, L., Byham-Gray, L., Kurzer, M. and Samavat, H. (2022) Hepatotoxicity with High-Dose Green Tea Extract: Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Uridine 5’-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 Genotypes. J Diet Suppl. 2022 Sep 30:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2022.2128501

Al-Zubaidi, A., Abou Turab, M. K., Abdul, Y. S. and Al-Kaabi, W. F. (2017) A survey of catechin contents of different green teas currently available in the UK market. Misan Journal for Academic Studies 32; pp. 49-67. Valley man suffers liver toxicity from green tea extract - AZ Big Media

Assis, M. H., Alves, B. C., Luft, V. C. and Dall’alba, V. (2022) Liver injury induced by herbal and dietary supplements: a pooled analysis of case reports. Arq Gastroenterol. 2022 Oct-Dec;59(4):522-530. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-2803.202204000-84

AZ Big Media. (2021) Valley man suffers liver toxicity from green tea extract. Valley man suffers liver toxicity from green tea extract - AZ Big Media Accessed: 25/01/2023.

Balentine, D. A., Wiseman, S. A.and Bouwens, L. C. (1997) The chemistry of tea flavonoids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1997;37:693–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399709527797

Ballotin VR, Bigarella LG, Brandão ABM, Balbinot RA, Balbinot SS, Soldera J.

Herb-induced liver injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. 2021 Jul 16;9(20):5490-5513. https://doi.org/10.12998%2Fwjcc.v9.i20.5490

Bedrood, Z., Rameshrad, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H. (2018) Toxicological effects of Camellia sinensis (green tea): A review. Phytother Res. 2018 Jul;32(7):1163-1180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6063

Bertram, B., Bollow, U., Rajaee-Behbahani, N., Bürkle, A. and Schmezer, P. (2003) Induction of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes after treatment with (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate. Mutat. Res. 2003, 534, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00245-0

Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D. B. and Holden, J. M. (2011). USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3 (PDF) (Report). Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. pp. 2, 98–103. Microsoft Word - Flav_Doc.doc Accessed: 01/02/2023.

Bessone, F., García-Cortés, M., Medina-Caliz, I., Hernandez, N., Parana, R., Mendizabal, M., Schinoni, M. I., Ridruejo, E., Nunes, V., Peralta, M., Santos, G., Anders, M., Chiodi, D., Tagle, M., Montes, P., Carrera, E., Arrese, M., Lizarzabal, M. I., Alvarez-Alvarez, I., Caballano-Infantes, E., Niu, H., Pinazo, J., Cabello, M. R., Lucena, M. I. and Andrade, R. J. (2021) Herbal and Dietary Supplements-Induced Liver Injury in Latin America: Experience Bessone F, García-Cortés M, Medina-Caliz I, Hernandez N, Parana R, Mendizabal M, Schinoni MI, Ridruejo E, Nunes V, Peralta M, Santos G, Anders M, Chiodi D, Tagle M, Montes P, Carrera E, Arrese M, Lizarzabal MI, Alvarez-Alvarez I, Caballano-Infantes E, Niu H, Pinazo J, Cabello MR, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ (2021). Herbal and Dietary Supplements-Induced Liver Injury in Latin America: Experience from the LATINDILI Network. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jan 9:S1542- 3565(21)00013-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.011

Chacko, S. B., Thambi, P. T., Kuttan, R., Nishigaki, I. (2010) Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review. Chinese Medicine 5, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1749-8546-5-13

Chan, P. C., Ramot, Y., Malarkey, D. E., Blackshear, P., Kissling, G. E., Travlos, G. and Nyska, A. (2010) Fourteen-week toxicity study of green tea extract in rats and mice. Toxicologic Pathology, 38, 1070–1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623310382437

Cho T, Uetrecht J (2017). How Reactive Metabolites Induce an Immune Response That Sometimes Leads to an Idiosyncratic Drug Reaction. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2017, 30, 1, 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00357

Cho, T., Wang, X., Yeung, K., Cao, Y. and Uetrecht, J. (2021) Liver Injury Caused by Green Tea Extract in PD-1–/– Mice: An Impaired Immune Tolerance Model for Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2021 34 (3), 849-856. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00485

Corey, R., Werner, K. T., Singer, A., Moss, A., Smith, M., Noelting, J. and Rakela, J. (2016) Acute liver failure associated with Garcinia cambogia use. Ann Hepatol. Jan- Feb;15(1):123-6. https://doi.org/10.5604/16652681.1184287

D'Agostino, D., Cavalieri, M. L. and Arcucci, M. S. (2019) Severe hepatitis caused by green tea intoxication in a child. Case report. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2019 Dec 1;117(6):e655-e658. https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2019.e655

Deka, H., Barman, T., Sarmah, P. P., Devi, A., Tamuly, P., Paul, R. K. and Karak T. (2020) Quality characteristics of infusion and health consequences: a comparative study between orthodox and CTC green teas. RSC Adv. 2020 Sep 3;10(54):32833-32842. https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2019.e655

Dekant, W., Fujii, K., Shibata, E., Morita, O. and Shimotoyodome, A. (2017) Safety assessment of green tea-based beverages and dried green tea extracts as nutritional supplements. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Aug 5;277:104-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.008

Dostal, A. M., Samavat, H., Bedell, S., Torkelson, C., Wang, R., Swenson, K., Le, C., Wu, A. H., Ursin, G., Yuan, J. M. and Kurzer, M. S. (2015) The safety of green tea extract supplementation in postmenopausal women at risk for breast cancer: results of the Minnesota Green Tea Trial. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 83, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.019

EC. (2021) Food Safety – restricting the use of green-tea catechins in foods. Feedback and statistics: Draft regulation. Food safety - restricting the use of green-tea catechins in foods Accessed: 11/01/2023.

EC. (2022) Food Safety – restricting the use of green-tea catechins in foods. Food safety - restricting the use of green-tea catechins in foods. Accessed: 11/01/2023.

Eden, A., Gaudet, F., Waghmare, A. and Jaenisch, R. (2003) Chromosomal instability and tumours promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science Apr 18;300(5618):455. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1083557

EFSA. (2009) Guidance on safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use as ingredients in food supplements, on request of EFSA. EFSA Journal 2009;7(9):1249. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1249

EFSA. (2011) Scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2406. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed | EFSA. Accessed: 25/01/2023.

EFSA. (2016) Dietary exposure assessment to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the European population. EFSA Journal 2016;14(8):4572. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4572

EFSA. (2017) Risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions and food supplements. EFSA Journal 2017;15(7):4908. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4908

EFSA. (2018) Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins, On request from European Commission. EFSA Journal 2018;16(4):5239. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239

El-Bakry, H. A., El-Sherif, G. and Rostom, R. M. (2017) Therapeutic dose of green tea extract provokes liver damage and exacerbates paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats through oxidative stress and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Dec;96:798-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.055

EMA. (2013) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Community herbal monograph on Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, non fermentatum folium. Assessment report on Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, non fermentatum foliumAccessed: 14/04//2023.

ESCO. (2009) The EFSA Scientific Cooperation Working Group on Botanicals and Botanical Preparations. ESCO advice on the EFSA guidance for the safety assessment of botanicals | EFSA Accessed: 01/02/2023.

Fallah, S., Musa-Veloso, K., Cao, J., Venditti, C., Lee, H., Hamamji, S., Hu, J., Appelhans, K. and Frankos, V. (2022). Liver biomarkers in adults: Evaluation of associations with reported green tea consumption and use of green tea supplements in U.S. NHANES. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 129, p.105087. Reviews of articles on medicinal herbs. - Document - Gale OneFile: Health and Medicine Accessed: 01/02/2023.

FSA. (2014) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Teas, Herbal Infusions, Plant-Based Food Supplements and Honey. FSA Executive Summary. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Teas, Herbal Infusions, Plant-Based Food Supplements and Honey. Accessed: 25/01/2023.

FSA. (2020) Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Food. Project code: FS102056. Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Food | Food Standards Agency. Accessed: 11/01/2023.

Furukawa, A., Oikawa, S., Murata, M., Hiraku, Y. and Kawanishi, S. (2003) (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate causes oxidative damage to isolated and cellular DNA. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003, 66, 1769–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00541-0

Galati, G., Lin, A., Sultan, A. M. and O’Brien, P. J. (2006) Cellular and in vivo hepatotoxicity caused by green tea phenolic acids and catechins. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 40, 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.014

Gaudet, F., Hodgson, J. G., Eden, A., Jackson-Grusby, L., Dausman, J., Gray, J. W., Leonhardt, H. and Jaenisch, R. (2003) Induction of tumours in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science Apr 18;300(5618):489-92. Induction of Tumors in Mice by Genomic Hypomethylation | Science

Gavrić, A., Ribnikar, M., Šmid, L., Luzar, B. and Štabuc, B. (2018) Fat burner-induced acute liver injury: Case series of four patients. Nutrition. 2018 Mar;47:110-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.002

Grewal, P. and Ahmad, J. (2019) Severe liver injury due to herbal and dietary supplements and the role of liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 25(46): 6704-6712. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i46.6704

Gurley, B. J., Miousse, I. R., Nookaew, I., Ewing, L. E., Skinner, C. M., Jenjaroenpun, P., Wongsurawat, T., Kennon-McGill, S., Avula, B., Bae, J-Y., McGill, M. R., Ussery, D., Khan, I. A. and Koturbash, I. (2019) Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract Does Not Elicit Hepatotoxic Effects and Modulates the Gut Microbiome in Lean B6C3F1 Mice. Nutrients. 2019; 11(4):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040776

Gurley, B. J., McGill, M. R. and Koturbash, I. (2022) Hepatotoxicity due to herbal dietary supplements: Past, present and the future. Food and Chemical Toxicology 169, 113445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113445

Hassan, A. and Fontana, R. J. (2018) Liver Injury Associated with Sporting Activities. Semin Liver Dis. 2018 Nov;38(4):357-365. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670656

Hoofnagle, J. H., Bonkovsky HL, Phillips EJ, Li YJ, Ahmad J, Barnhart H, Durazo F, Fontana RJ, Gu J, Khan I, Kleiner DE, Koh C, Rockey DC, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Stolz A, Tillmann HL, Vuppalanchi R, Navarro VJ; (2021) Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. HLA-B*35:01 and Green Tea-Induced Liver Injury. Hepatology. 2021 Jun;73(6):2484-2493. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31538

Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J. and Shao, A. (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults – Results of a systematic review, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol 95, 2018, Pages 412-433, ISSN 0273-2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019

IARC. (1991) Coffee, tea mate, methylxanthines and methylglyoxal. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 51. ISBN-13 978-92-832-1251-5. IARC Publications Website - Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal. Accessed: 05/02/2023.

Isbrucker, R. A., Edwards, J. A., Wolz, E., Davidovich, A. and Bausch, J. (2006) Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 2: Dermal, acute and short-term toxicity studies. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 44, 636–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.11.003

Isomura, T., Suzuki, S., Origasa, H., Hosono, A., Suzuki, M., Sawada, T., Terao, S., Muto, Y. and Koga, T. (2016) Liver-related safety assessment of green tea extracts in humans: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 70, 1340. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.165

James, K. D., Kennett, M. J. and Lambert, J. D. (2018) Potential role of the mitochondria as a target for the hepatotoxic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Jan;111:302-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.11.003

Kapetanovic, I. M., Crowell, J. A., Krishnaraj, R., Zakharov, A., Lindeblad, M. and Lyubimov, A. (2009) Exposure and toxicity of green tea polyphenols in fasted and non-fasted dogs. Toxicology. 2009 Jun 16;260(1-3):28-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.165

Kaswala, D., Shah, S., Patel, N., Raisoni, S. and Swaminathan, S. (2014) Hydroxycut- induced Liver Toxicity. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014 Jan;4(1):143-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.126627

Khan, N., Afaq, F., Saleem, M., Ahmad, N. and Mukhtar. H. (2006) Targeting multiple signaling pathways by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Res. 2006; 66:2500–2505. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3636

Khetpal, N., Mandzhieva, B., Shahid, S., Khetpal, A. and Jain, A. G. (2020) Not All Herbals are Benign: A Case of Hydroxycut-induced Acute Liver Injury. Cureus 12(2): e6870. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6870

Lambert, J. D., Kennett, M. J., Sang, S., Reuhl, K. R., Ju, J. and Yang, C. S. (2010) Hepatotoxicity of high oral dose (-) - epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.030

Levin, J., Maaß, S., Schuberth, M., Giese, A., Oertel, W. H., Poewe, W., Trenkwalder, C., Wenning, G. K., Mansmann, U., Südmeyer, M., Eggert, K., Mollenhauer, B., Lipp, A., Löhle, M., Classen, J., Münchau, A., Kassubek, J., Gandor, F., Berg, D., Egert-Schwender, S., Eberhardt, C., Paul, F., Bötzel, K., Ertl-Wagner, B., Huppertz, H. J., Ricard, I. and Höglinger, G. U (PROMESA Study Group). 2019 Safety and efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate in multiple system atrophy (PROMESA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Aug;18(8):724-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30141-3

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Green Tea. [Updated 2020 Nov 20]. Home - Books - NCBI Accessed: 11/01/2023.

Mazzanti, G., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Moro, P. A., Cassetti, F., Raschetti, R., Santuccio, C. and Mastrangelo, S. (2009) Hepatotoxicity from green tea: a review of the literature and two unpublished cases. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65, 331–341. Hepatotoxicity from green tea: a review of the literature and two unpublished cases | European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

Mazzanti, G., Di Sotto, A. and Vitalone, A. (2015) Hepatotoxicity of green tea: an update. Archives of Toxicology, 89, 1175–1191. Hepatotoxicity of green tea: an update | Archives of Toxicology.

MHRA. (2022) Interactive Drug Analysis Profile - CAMELLIA SINENSIS. info.mhra.gov.uk/drug-analysis-profiles . Accessed: 25/01/2023.

MHRA. (2023) Welcome to the Yellow Card reporting site. Yellow Card | Making medicines and medical devices safer Accessed: 25/01/2023.

Navarro, V. J., Bonkovsky, H. L., Hwang, S. I., Vega, M., Barnhart, H. and Serrano, J. (2013) Catechins in dietary supplements and hepatotoxicity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 58, 2682–2690. Catechins in Dietary Supplements and Hepatotoxicity | Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Navarro, V. J., Khan, I., Björnsson, E., Seeff, L. B., Serrano, J. and Hoofnagle, J. H. (2017) Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology, 65, 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28813

New Nordic. (2022) Chili Burn™. Chili Burn™ | Calorie Burn | Diet Supplement | New Nordic UK Accessed: 25/01/2023.

NIPH. (2015) Norwegian Institute of Public Health: Safety assessment on levels of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in green tea extracts used in food supplements. Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards Provisional Common Framework command paper - GOV.UK Accessed: 11/01/2023.

NLCS. (2020) Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards Provisional Common Framework command paper. Nutrition Labelling Composition and Standards Provisional Common Framework command paper - GOV.UK. Accessed: 11/01/2023.

NTP. (2016) Toxicology Studies of Green Tea Extract in F344/NTac Rats and B6C3F1/ N Mice and Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Green Tea Extract in Wistar Han[Crl:WI(Han)] Rats and B6c3f1/N Mice (Gavage Studies). Technical Report 585. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology Studies of Green Tea Extract in F344/NTac Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice and Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Green Tea Extract in Wistar Han [Crl:WI(Han)] Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice (Gavage Studies) - NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed: 11/01/2023.

Oketch-Rabah, H. A., Roe, A. L., Rider, C. V., Bonkovsky, H. L., Giancaspro, G. I., Navarro, V., Paine, M. F., Betz, J. M., Marles, R. J., Casper, S., Gurley, B., Jordan, S. A., He, K., Kapoor, M. P., Rao, T. P., Sherker, A. H., Fontana, R. J., Rossi, S., Vuppalanchi, R., Seeff, L. B., Stolz, A., Ahmad, J., Koh, C., Serrano, J., Low Dog, T. and Ko, R. (2020) United States Pharmacopeia comprehensive review of the hepatotoxicity of green tea extracts. Toxicol Rep. 2020 Feb 15;7:386-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.008

Pandey, P., Avula, B., Khan, I. A., Khan, S. I., Navarro, V. J., Doerksen, R. J. and Chittiboyina, A. G. (2020) Potential Modulation of Human NAD[P]H-Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by EGCG and Its Metabolites-A Systematic Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020 Nov 16;33(11):2749-2764. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00450

Percevault, S., Charpiat, B., Lebossé, F., Mabrut, J. Y., Vial, T. and Colom, M. (2022) Green tea and hepatoxicity: Two case reports. Therapie. 2022 Sep-Oct;77(5):620-622. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00450.

Popovic, M., Billick, M., & Robinson, M. R. (2018). Acute Hepatitis Associated with “Thermogenic Fat Burner” Weight Loss Supplementation: A Case Report. Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine, 13(4), e32-e35. https://doi.org/10.22374/cjgim.v13i4.273

Ramachandran, B., Jayavelu, S., Murhekar, K. and Rajkumar, T. (2016) Repeated dose studies with pure Epigallocatechin-3-gallate demonstrated dose and route dependant hepatotoxicity with associated dyslipidemia. Toxicol Rep. 2016 Mar 5;3:336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.001.

RASFF. (2020) RASFF Window Portal Notification 2020.2658. Epigallocatechin gallate in green tea extract from Sweden. RASFF Window - Notification detail. Accessed: 25/01/2023.

Robertson, J. and Stevens, K. (2017) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: occurrence, biology, and chemical synthesis. Natural Product Reports, 34, 62–89. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: occurrence, biology, and chemical synthesis - Natural Product Reports (RSC Publishing)

Rojo, M. Á., Garrosa, M., Jiménez, P., Girbés, T., Garcia-Recio, V., Cordoba-Diaz, M. and Cordoba-Diaz, D. (2020) "Unexpected Toxicity of Green Tea Polyphenols in Combination with the Sambucus RIL Ebulin" Toxins 12, no. 9: 542. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090542

Roytman, M. M., Poerzgen, P. and Navarro, V. (2018) Botanicals and Hepatotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Sep;104(3):458-469. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1097.

Sakata, R., Nakamura, T., Torimura, T., Ueno, T., & Sata, M. (2013). Green tea with high-density catechins improves liver function and fat infiltration in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 32, 989-994. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1503

Sarma, D. N., Barrett, M. L., Chavez, M. L., Gardiner, P., Ko, R., Mahady, G. B., Marles, R. J., Pellicore, L. S., Giancaspro, G. I. and Dog, T. L. (2008) Safety of green tea extracts. Drug Safety, 31, 469–484. Safety of Green Tea Extracts | Drug Safety

Schmidt, M., Schmitz, H. J., Baumgart, A., Guedon, D., Netsch, M. I., Kreuter, M. H., Schmidlin, C. B. and Schrenk, D. (2005) Toxicity of green tea extracts and their constituents in rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43, 307–314. Toxicity of green tea extracts and their constituents in rat hepatocytes in primary culture - PubMed.

Sergi, C. M. (2020) Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Toxicity in Children: A Potential and Current Toxicological Event in the Differential Diagnosis With Virus-Triggered Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jan 29;10:1563. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01563

Shi, Z,, Zhu, J. X., Guo, Y. M., Niu, M., Zhang, L., Tu, C., Huang, Y., Li, P. Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, Z. T., Bai, Z. F., Zhang, G, Q., Lu, Y., Xiao, X. H. and Wang, J. B. (2021) Epigallocatechin Gallate During Dietary Restriction - Potential Mechanisms of Enhanced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jan 29;11:609378. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.609378

Shibutani, S., Takeshita, M. and Grollman, A. P. (1991) Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxoDG. Nature 349, pp. 431-434. Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG | Nature.

Shil, A., Davies, C., Gautam, L., Roberts, J. and Chichger, H. (2022) Investigating the Opposing Effect of Two Different Green Tea Supplements on Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function and Cell Viability in HepG2 Cells. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(4):459-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1894304

Siblini, H., Al-Hendy, A., Segars, J., González, F., Taylor, H. S., Singh, B., Flaminia, A., Flores, V. A., Christman, G. M., Huang, H., Johnson, J. J. and Zhang, H. (2023) Assessing the Hepatic Safety of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) in Reproductive-Aged Women. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 9;15(2):320. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020320

Stegelmeier, B. L., Colegate, S. M. and Brown, A. W. (2016) Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity, cytotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Toxins, 8, 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120356

Surapaneni, B. K., Le, M., Jakobovits, J., Vinayek, R. and Dutta, S. (2018) A Case of Acute Severe Hepatotoxicity and Mild Constriction of Common Bile Duct Associated with Ingestion of Green Tea Extract: A Clinical Challenge. Clinical Medicine Insights: Gastroenterology 5;11:1179552218779970. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179552218779970

Teschke, R. and Xuan TD. (2019) Suspected Herb Induced Liver Injury by Green Tea Extracts: Critical Review and Case Analysis applying RUCAM for Causality Assessment. Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1(6):1-16. https://jajgastrohepto.org/pdf/JJGH-v2-1030.pdf

The Jackson Laboratory. (2022) 028276 - PD-1[-] Strain Details. 028276 - PD-1[-] Strain Details Accessed: 27/09/2022.

The Longevity Study. (2017) Vital Stem™.

UK Legislation. (2006) Retained EU Regulation (EC) No. 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals and of certain other substances to foods Accessed: 11/01/2023.

UK Legislation. (2020) Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2040 of 11 December 2020 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in certain foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance). Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2040 of 11 December 2020 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in certain foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance) Accessed: 11/01/2023.

Ullmann, U., Haller, J., Decourt, J. P., Girault, N., Girault, J., Richard-Caudron, A. S., Pineau, B. and Weber, P. (2003) A single ascending dose study of epigallocatechin gallate in healthy volunteers. Journal of International Medical Research, 31, 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000303100205

USP. (2009) Update on the USP Green Tea Extract Monograph. Update on the USP Green Tea Extract Monograph | USP-NF Accessed: 24/01/2023.

USP-NF. (2023) Powdered Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract – Definition. https://doi.org/10.31003/USPNF_M2500_06_01. Accessed: 24/01/2023.

Vuong, Q. and Roach, P. D. (2014) Caffeine in Green Tea: Its Removal and Isolation. Separation and Purification Reviews 43(2); pp. 155- 174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2013.771127

Woo, S. M., Davis, W. D., Aggarwal, S., Clinton, J. W., Kiparizoska, S. and Lewis, J. H. (2021) Herbal and dietary supplement induced liver injury: Highlights from the recent literature. World J Hepatol. 2021 Sep 27;13(9):1019-1041. doi: https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.1019

Wu, K.M., Yao, J. and Boring, D. (2011) Green tea extract-induced lethal toxicity in fasted but not in nonfasted dogs. International Journal of Toxicology, 30, 19–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581810387445

Yates, A. A., Erdman Jr, J. W., Shao, A., Dolan, L. C. and Griffiths, J. C. (2017) Bioactive nutrients-time for tolerable upper intake levels to address safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 84, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.002

Yiannakopoulou, E. C. (2015) Targeting DNA methylation with green tea catechins. Pharmacology 95, pp. 111-116.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000375503

Yu, Z., Samavat, H., Dostal, A., Wang, R., Torkelson, C. J., Yang, C. S., Butler, L. M., Kensler, T. W., Wu, A. H., Kurzer, M. S. and Yuan, J. M. (2017) Effect of green tea supplements on liver enzyme elevation: results from a randomized intervention study in the United States. Cancer Prevention Research, 10, 571–579. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0160

Zhao, T., Li, C,, Wang, S. and Song, X. (2022) Green Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Molecules. 2022 Jun 18;27(12):3909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123909

Zheng, E. X., Rossi, S., Fontana, R. J., Vuppalanchi, R., Hoofnagle, J. H., Khan, I. and Navarro, V. J. (2016) Risk of liver injury associated with green tea extract in SLIMQUICK® weight loss products: results from the DILIN prospective study. Drug Safety, 39, 749–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-016-0428-7