References - Annex A

Abraham, K. et al. (2020) ‘Internal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and biological markers in 101 healthy 1-year-old children: associations between levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and vaccine response’, Archives of Toxicology, 94(6), pp. 2131–2147. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02715-4.

Andersson, A.M. and Skakkebaek, N.E. (1999) ‘Exposure to exogenous estrogens in food: possible impact on human development and health’, European Journal of Endocrinology Eur J Endocrinol, 140(6), pp. 477–485. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1400477.

Ankarberg-Lindgren, C., Dahlgren, J. and Andersson, M.X. (2018) ‘High-sensitivity quantification of serum androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone and estradiol by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with sex- and puberty-specific reference intervals’, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 183, pp. 116–124. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.005.

Arjmandi, B.H. et al. (2003) ‘Soy Protein Has a Greater Effect on Bone in Postmenopausal Women Not on Hormone Replacement Therapy, as Evidenced by Reducing Bone Resorption and Urinary Calcium Excretion’, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(3), pp. 1048–1054. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020849.

Bates, B. et al. (2014) National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 – 2011/2012). Main heading (publishing.service.gov.uk).

Byrne, M.P. et al. (2020) ‘Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors—As Mitigation Tools for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sustainable Dairy Systems: A Review’, Sustainability, 12(15), p. 6018. doi:10.3390/su12156018.

COC (2018) Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet. COC statement on IGF-1 and cancer risk (publishing.service.gov.uk).

COT (1997) ‘Statement by the committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment on the health hazards of polychlorinated biphenyls’. pcddfish.PDF (food.gov.uk)

COT (2001) Statement on the tolerable daily intake for dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] COT statement on the tolerable daily intake for dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls | Food Standards Agency (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

COT (2006) ‘Statement on organic chlorinated and brominated contaminants in shellfish, farmed and wild fish’. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] COT statement on organic chlorinated and brominated contaminants in shellfish, farmed and wild fish | Food Standards Agency (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

COT (2011) ‘Statement on dietary exposure to phthalates – data from the total diet study’. Microsoft Word - phthalates statement 04-11.docx (food.gov.uk).

COT (2013) Statement on the potential risks from lead in the infant diet. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] COT statement on lead | Food Standards Agency (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

COT (2015a) ‘Statement on polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in the infant diet’. TOX -2015-06 PBB 2nd Draft Statement.pdf (food.gov.uk).

COT (2015b) ‘Statement on potential risks from polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the infant diet: potential risks from polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the diets of infants and young children’. PBDEstatementfinal.pdf (food.gov.uk).

COT (2015c) ‘Statement on the potential risks from hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in the infant diet’. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive - The National Archives.

COT (2016a) Addendum to the 2013 COT statement on potential risks from lead in the infant diet. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive - The National Archives.

COT (2016b) Statement on potential risks from arsenic in the diet of infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] COT Statement on Arsenic | Food Standards Agency (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

COT (2017) Addendum to the 2015 COT statement on potential risks from polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the infant diet: potential risks from  polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the diets of infants and young children. Tox 2017-3 PBDEs final (food.gov.uk).

COT (2018a) Statement of T-2 toxin (T2), HT-2 toxin (HT2) and neosolaniol (NEO) in  the diet of infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive - The National Archives.

COT (2018b) Statement on potential risks from cadmium in the diet of infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. The potential risks from cadmium in the infant diet (food.gov.uk).

COT (2018c) Statement on potential risks from methylmercury in the diet of infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. [ARCHIVED CONTENT] COT Statemet on Methylmercury | Food Standards Agency (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

COT (2018d) Statement on potential risks from ochratoxin A (OTA) in the diet of infants aged  0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. cotstatement-ota.pdf (nationalarchives.gov.uk).

COT (2019a) ‘Overarching statement on the potential risks from contaminants in the diet   of infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 year’. TOX-2018-48 Overarching statement 0-5 year olds (food.gov.uk).

COT (2019b) Review of potential risks from tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in the diet of  infants aged 0 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 5 years. Potential risks from TBBPA in infant diet 0-5 years (food.gov.uk).  

COT (2020a) Conclusions of the Overarching Statement and Addendum on the potential  risks from contaminants in the diet of infants aged 12 to 60 months – Summary  tables for SACN. TOX 2020 36 SACN Report 1 to 5_COT chapter (food.gov.uk).

COT (2020b) ‘Discussion paper for the EFSA Public Consultation on the draft Opinion on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food’. Discussion paper for the EFSA draft opinion on presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food.

COT (2021a) Overarching statement on consumption of plant-based drinks in children aged 6 months to 5 years of age. Final Plant based drinks statement 2021 (food.gov.uk).

COT (2021b) ‘Overarching statement on the potential risks from exposure to microplastics’. COT Microplastics Overarching Staement 2021 (food.gov.uk).

COT (2021c) ‘Position paper on dioxins’. Dioxin Interim Poistion Statement (food.gov.uk).

COT (2021d) Statement on the potential risk(s) of combined exposure to  mycotoxins. Combined exposure to mycotoxins report (food.gov.uk).

Courant, F. et al. (2007) ‘Determination of naturally occurring estrogens and androgens in retail samples of milk and eggs’, Food additives and contaminants, 24, pp. 1358–66. doi:10.1080/02652030701329637.

Cubadda, F. et al. (2017) ‘Human exposure to dietary inorganic arsenic and other arsenic species: State of knowledge, gaps and uncertainties’, Science of The Total Environment, 579, pp. 1228–1239. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.108.

Dairy UK (2018) ‘Milk: Nutrition information for all the family’. MilkConsumerweb.pdf.

DEFRA (2021) Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2020, p. 90. Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk).  

Department of Health (2011) Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children (DNSIYC), 2011. DNSIYC_UK_report_ALL_chapters_DH_V10.0.pdf (publishing.service.gov.uk)

Diggs, D.L. et al. (2011) ‘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective’, Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews, 29(4), pp. 324–357. doi:10.1080/10590501.2011.629974.

Driffield, M. et al. (2008) ‘Determination of brominated flame retardants in food by LC-MS/MS: diastereoisomer-specific hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A’, Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 25(7), pp. 895–903. doi:10.1080/02652030701882999. Determination of brominated flame retardants in food by LC–MS/MS: diastereoisomer-specific hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A: Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A: Vol 25, No 7 (tandfonline.com).

EFSA (2005) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the presence of non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.284.

EFSA (2005a) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.243.

EFSA (2005b) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Butylbenzylphthalate (BBP) for use in food contact materials’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.241.

EFSA (2005c) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to di-Butylphthalate (DBP) for use in food contact materials’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.242. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials - - 2005 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2005d) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.245.

EFSA (2005e) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Di-isononylphthalate (DINP) for use in food contact materials’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.244.

EFSA (2007) ‘Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to 2,2-BIS(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propane’, EFSA Journal, 5(1), p. 428. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to 2,2-BIS(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)PROPANE | EFSA (europa.eu).

EFSA (2008a) ‘Nitrate in vegetables - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain’, EFSA Journal, 689(EFSA Journal), pp. 1–79. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.689.

EFSA (2008b) ‘Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (EFSA Journal). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.724.

EFSA (2008c) ‘Toxicokinetics of Bisphenol A - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food additives, Flavourings, Processing aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)’, EFSA Journal, 6(7), p. 759. Toxicokinetics of Bisphenol A ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food additives, Flavourings, Processing aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) - - 2008 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2009a) ‘Cadmium in food - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain’, EFSA Journal, 7(3), p. 980. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.980. Cadmium in food ‐ Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain - - 2009 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2009b) ‘Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain’, EFSA Journal, 7(4). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1017.

EFSA (2009c) ‘Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food’, EFSA Journal, 7(10), p. 1351. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1351. Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food - - 2009 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2010a) ‘Results of the monitoring of non dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed’, EFSA Journal [Preprint], (2010; 8(7):1701). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1701.

EFSA (2010b) ‘Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food’, EFSA Journal, 8(4), p. 1570. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1570.

EFSA (2010c) ‘Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) in Food’. Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) in Food - - 2010 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2011a) ‘Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food’. Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food - - 2011 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2011b) ‘Scientific Opinion on Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food’. Scientific Opinion on Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food - - 2011 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2011c) ‘Statement on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium’, EFSA Journal, 9(2), p. 1975. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1975.

EFSA (2012a) ‘Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population’, EFSA Journal, 10(1), p. 2551. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2551. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population - - 2012 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2012b) ‘Lead dietary exposure in the European population’, EFSA Journal, 10(7), p. 2831. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2831. Lead dietary exposure in the European population - - 2012 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2012c) ‘Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food’, EFSA Journal, 10(12), p. 2985. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985. Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food - - 2012 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2014) ‘Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables’, EFSA Journal, 12(10), p. 3869. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3869. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables - - 2014 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2015a) ‘Risks for public health related to the presence of chlorate in food’, EFSA Journal, 13(6), p. 4135. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4135. Risks for public health related to the presence of chlorate in food - - 2015 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2015b) ‘Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs’, EFSA Journal, 13(1), p. 3978. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs - - 2015 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2016) ‘Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for zearalenone and its modified forms’, EFSA Journal, 14(4), p. e04425. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4425. Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for zearalenone and its modified forms - - 2016 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2017a) ‘Dietary exposure assessment to perchlorate in the European population’, EFSA Journal, 15(10), p. e05043. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5043. Dietary exposure assessment to perchlorate in the European population - - 2017 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2017b) ‘Human and animal dietary exposure to T-2 and HT-2 toxin’, EFSA Journal, 15(8), p. e04972. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4972. Human and animal dietary exposure to T‐2 and HT‐2 toxin - - 2017 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2017c) ‘Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed’, EFSA Journal, 15(9), p. e04718. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed - - 2017 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.  

EFSA (2018a) ‘Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food’, EFSA Journal, 16(11). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333.

EFSA (2018b) ‘Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed’, EFSA Journal, 16(5), p. e05242. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5242.

EFSA (2019) ‘Update of the risk assessment of di‐butylphthalate (DBP), butyl‐benzyl‐phthalate (BBP), bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di‐isononylphthalate (DINP) and di‐isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials’, EFSA Journal, 17(12). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5838.

EFSA (2020a) ‘Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food’, EFSA Journal, 18(5), p. e06113. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113.

EFSA (2020b) ‘Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food’, EFSA Journal, 18(9). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223.

EFSA (2021a) ‘Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic’, EFSA Journal, 19(1), p. e06380. doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6380.

EFSA (2021b) ‘Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food’. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food - - 2021 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

EFSA (2023) ‘Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs’, EFSA Journal, 21(4), p. e06857. Re‐evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs - - 2023 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library.

Eriksson, P. et al. (2006) ‘Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD)’, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 21(3), pp. 317–322. Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) - PubMed (nih.gov).

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (2019) ‘Annex XV Restriction Report Proposal for a Restriction for intentionally added microplastics’. Microsoft Word - rest_microplastics_axvreport_en.docx (europa.eu).

European Union (EU) (2011) ‘Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011 of  2  December  2011 amending  Regulation  (EC)  No  1881/2006  as  regards  maximum  levels  for  dioxins,  dioxin-like  PCBs  and  non  dioxin-like  PCBs  in  foodstuffs’. Available at: Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011 of 2 December 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffsText with EEA relevance (europa.eu).

FAO/WHO (1989) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants - Thirty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 776.

FAO/WHO (2000) Estradiol-17β, progesterone and testosterone in “WHO Food Additives Series 43. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. Prepared by the fifty-second meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.” 43. Geneva. 962. Estradiol-17beta-, progesterone, and testosterone (WHO Food Additives Series 43) (inchem.org)

FAO/WHO (2010) Evaluation of certain contaminants in food- Seventy second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 959, pp. 55–64. Available at: EVALUATION OF CERTAIN CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD (who.int)

FAO/WHO (2011a) Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food prepared by the Seventy-second meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 63, pp. 685–762. Safety Evaluation of Certain Contaminants in Food (inchem.org).

FAO/WHO (2011b) Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Prepared by the Seventy-third meeting of the Joint FAO/  WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives  (JECFA). 64, pp. 305–380. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: prepared by the Seventy-third meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (‏JECFA)‏.

FAO/WHO (2011c) Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: Arsenic (WHO Food Additives Series 63). Geneva: WHO. Safety Evaluation of Certain Contaminants in Food (inchem.org).

FAO/WHO (2016) ‘Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Supplement 1, Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls’. inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v71s1je01.pdf.

Fernandes, A. et al. (2012) ‘Organic Environmental Contaminants in the 2012 Total Diet Study Samples’. Research report: Total Diet Study: dietary exposure to organic environmental contaminants (food.gov.uk)

Fernandes, A.R. et al. (2016) ‘Bromine content and brominated flame retardants in food and animal feed from the UK’, Chemosphere, 150, pp. 472–478. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.042.

Food Safety Authority of Ireland (2009) ‘Dioxins and PCBs in Food’. Dioxins and PCBs in Food | Food Safety Authority of Ireland (fsai.ie) (Accessed: 14 September 2021).

FSA (2016a) Infant Metals Survey. View PDF (food.gov.uk)

FSA (2016b) Total diet study: metals and other elements. Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in food.

Ganmaa, D. and Sato, A. (2005) ‘The possible role of female sex hormones in milk from pregnant cows in the development of breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers’, Medical Hypotheses, 65(6), pp. 1028–1037. doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.026.

Gao Y, Zhang Y, Yi  J, Zhou  J, Huang X, Shi X, Xiao S, Lin D. A longitudinal study on urinary cadmium and renal tubular protein excretion of nickelcadmium battery workers after cessation of cadmium exposure. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (2016), 89, (7), 11371145. doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1153-3.

Girelli, A.M., Sperati, D. and Tarola, A.M. (2014) ‘Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection’, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(4), pp. 703–710. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection: Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A: Vol 31, No 4 (tandfonline.com).

Greer, M.A. et al. (2002) ‘Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans’, Environmental health perspectives, 110(9), p. 927—937. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110927.

Hartmann, N.B. et al. (2019) ‘Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris’, Environmental Science & Technology, 53(3), pp. 1039–1047. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05297.

Hill, N.I., Becanova, J. and Lohmann, R. (2021) ‘A sensitive method for the detection of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in dairy milk’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry [Preprint]. doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03575-2.

IARC (2012) Pharmaceuticals Volume 100A A review of human carcinogens. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. mono100A.pdf (who.int).

Kim, K.-H. et al. (2013) ‘A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects’, Environment International, 60, pp. 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019.

Kowalczyk, J. et al. (2013) ‘Absorption, Distribution, and Milk Secretion of the Perfluoroalkyl Acids PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA by Dairy Cows Fed Naturally Contaminated Feed’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(12), pp. 2903–2912. doi:10.1021/jf304680j.

Kutralam-Muniasamy, G. et al. (2020) ‘Branded milks – Are they immune from microplastics contamination?’, Science of The Total Environment, 714, p. 136823. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136823.

Lu, M. et al. (2017) ‘Concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in breast milk and their relationship with the mother’s diet’, Food Funct., 8(9), pp. 3306–3310. Concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in breast milk and their relationship with the mother's diet - Food & Function (RSC Publishing).

Macrina, A.L. et al. (2012) ‘Estrone and Estrone Sulfate Concentrations in Milk and Milk Fractions’, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112(7), pp. 1088–1093. doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.02.005.

Malekinejad, H., Scherpenisse, P. and Bergwerff, A.A. (2006) ‘Naturally Occurring Estrogens in Processed Milk and in Raw Milk (from Gestated Cows)’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), pp. 9785–9791. doi:10.1021/jf061972e.

Montgomery, H., Haughey, S.A. and Elliott, C.T. (2020) ‘Recent food safety and fraud issues within the dairy supply chain (2015–2019)’, Global Food Security, 26, p. 100447. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100447.

Moorthy, B., Chu, C. and Carlin, D.J. (2015) ‘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from metabolism to lung cancer’, Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 145(1), pp. 5–15. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv040.

Naccari, C. et al. (2011) ‘PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk samples’, Food Research International, 44(3), pp. 716–724. PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk samples - ScienceDirect.

NHS (2018) ‘Drinks and cups for babies and young children’. Drinks and cups for babies and young children - NHS (www.nhs.uk).

Olijhoek, D.W. et al. (2016) ‘Effect of dietary nitrate level on enteric methane production, hydrogen emission, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows’, Journal of Dairy Science, 99(8), pp. 6191–6205. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10691. Effect of dietary nitrate level on enteric methane production, hydrogen emission, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows - PubMed (nih.gov).

Paludetti, L.F. et al. (2019) ‘Monitoring residue concentrations in milk from farm and throughout a milk powder manufacturing process’, Journal of Dairy Research. 2019/08/05 edn, 86(3), pp. 341–346. Monitoring residue concentrations in milk from farm and throughout a milk powder manufacturing process | Journal of Dairy Research | Cambridge Core.

Pape-Zambito, D.A., Magliaro, A.L. and Kensinger, R.S. (2008) ‘17β-Estradiol and Estrone Concentrations in Plasma and Milk During Bovine Pregnancy’, Journal of Dairy Science, 91(1), pp. 127–135. doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0481.

Papke, O et al. (2010) ‘Brominated Flame Retardants in European Food Samples collected in 2007 to 2009.’

Parodi, P.W. (2012) ‘Impact of cows’ milk estrogen on cancer risk’, International Dairy Journal, 22(1), pp. 3–14. doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.08.006.

Pietron, W.J., Warenik-Bany, M. and Wozniak, B. (2021) ‘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in raw milk from different animal species and in infant formula. Occurrence and risk assessment’, Chemosphere, 278, p. 130479. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130479.

Roberts, C. et al. (2018) ‘National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 7 and 8 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2014/2015 – 2015/2016). National Diet and Nutrition Survey (publishing.service.gov.uk).

Roshandel, G. et al. (2012) ‘Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Review’, Archives of Iranian medicine, 15(11), pp. 713–722. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Review (nih.gov).

Rychen, G. et al. (2008) ‘Dairy ruminant exposure to persistent organic pollutants and excretion to milk.’, Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience [Preprint]. doi:10.1017/S1751731107001139.

Science Committee on Food (SCF) (2000) ‘Opinion of the SCF on the Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Food’. Opinion of the SCF on the Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in Food (europa.eu).

Science Committee on Food (SCF) (2001) ‘Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Food: Update based on new scientific information available since the adoption of the SCF opinion of  22nd November 2000’. Opinion of the SCF on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs - update May 2001 (europa.eu).

SCVPH (2002) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health on Review of previous SCVPH opinions of 30 April 1999 and 3 May 2000 on the potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products. Opinion of the SCVPH (europa.eu).

Shruti, V.C. et al. (2021) ‘Toward a unified framework for investigating micro(nano)plastics in packaged beverages intended for human consumption’, Environmental Pollution, 268, p. 115811. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115811. Toward a unified framework for investigating micro(nano)plastics in packaged beverages intended for human consumption - PubMed (nih.gov).  

Snoj, T. and Majdič, G. (2018) ‘MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Estrogens in consumer milk: is there a risk to human reproductive health?’, European Journal of Endocrinology, 179(6), pp. R275–R286. doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0591.

Sun, Y. et al. (2020) ‘Occurrence, spatial distribution and impact factors of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milks from nine countries’, Food Control, 113, p. 107197. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107197.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2003) ‘Diethyl Phthalate. Concise International Chemical Assessment, Document 52’. CICAD 52 - Diethyl phthalate - Version 2.PDF (who.int).

Toussaint, B. et al. (2019) ‘Review of micro- and nanoplastic contamination in the food chain’, Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 36(5), pp. 639–673. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1583381. Full article: Review of micro- and nanoplastic contamination in the food chain (tandfonline.com).

Van den Berg, M. et al. (2006) ‘The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds’, Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 93(2), pp. 223–241. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl055.

Verschoor, A. and de Valk, E. (2016) ‘Emission of microplastics and potential mitigation measures: Abrasive cleaning agents, paints and tyre wear RIVM Report 2016-0026’. Emission of microplastics and potential mitigation measures (rivm.nl).

Veterinary Products Committee, 1999, Veterinary Products Committee “Report of the Working Group on the Safety of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST)”, Veterinary Products Committee, Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, England.

Veterinary Products Committee (2006) Risks Associated with the Use of  Hormonal Substances in Food-Producing Animals. Available at: [ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive - The National Archives.